Parts‐based representations of perceived face movements in the superior temporal sulcus

Facial motion is a primary source of social information about other humans. Prior fMRI studies have identified regions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) that respond specifically to perceived face movements (termed fSTS), but little is known about the nature of motion representations in these regions. Here we use fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis to characterize the representational content of the fSTS. Participants viewed a set of specific eye and mouth movements, as well as combined eye and mouth movements. Our results demonstrate that fSTS response patterns contain information about face movements, including subtle distinctions between types of eye and mouth movements. These representations generalize across the actor performing the movement, and across small differences in visual position. Critically, patterns of response to combined movements could be well predicted by linear combinations of responses to individual eye and mouth movements, pointing to a parts‐based representation of complex face movements. These results indicate that the fSTS plays an intermediate role in the process of inferring social content from visually perceived face movements, containing a representation that is sufficiently abstract to generalize across low‐level visual details, but still tied to the kinematics of face part movements.     

甘草地上部分活性部位的急性毒性和长期毒性实验研究

[目的] 探索甘草地上部分活性部位对小鼠的急性毒性及大鼠的长期毒性,评价其安全性,为合理开发利用甘草地上部分资源以及临床应用提供可靠的理论依据。[方法] 甘草地上部分活性部位33.2 g/kg灌胃给予昆明种小鼠,24 h内两次（间隔5 h）经口灌胃给予受试物,持续观察14 d内小鼠的急性毒性反应;SD大鼠随机分为对照组和甘草地上部分低、中、高剂量组,按8.3、16.6、33.2 g/kg剂量连续灌胃甘草地上部分活性部位90 d,观察大鼠的一般状况,并分别于给药后45、90 d进行血液学指标检测与血清生化指标检测,给药后90 d进行大体解剖及病理学检查,观察甘草地上部分活性部位的长期毒性反应。[结果] 急性毒性实验中小鼠的一般状态、饮食、分泌物、排便未见异常,无小鼠死亡,肉眼尸检心、肝、脾等主要脏器组织未见明显异常;长期毒性实验中,各组大鼠与对照组比较,一般状况、血液学及血清生化指标未见明显差异;病理检查未见主要脏器组织形态学改变。[结论] 甘草地上部分活性部位无急性毒性和长期毒性,在治疗剂量范围内用药安全性高。     

Malignant Melanoma of Soft Parts Involving the Head and Neck Region: Review of Literature and Case Report

Malignant melanoma of soft parts (MMSP) was originally described as a distinct entity by Enzinger in 1965 and was termed “clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses” because of its association with tenosynovial structures. It has been shown immunophenotypically and ultrastructurally that this tumor is derived from neuroectoderm and shares a number of features with cutaneous melanoma. Over 95% of MMSPs present in the extremities, with the head and neck region (1.9%) being an unusual site. This study presents an additional case of MMSP of the head and neck region involving the posterior cervical region in a 15-year-old Hispanic male and reviews the literature on MMSP. Ultrastructural examination showed rudimentary cell attachments, smooth cell membranes, discontinuous basal lamina, scanty glycogen, and occasional premelanosomes in some tumor cells. Cytogenetic analysis showed a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 12 and 22 [t(12:22)(q13;q12.2)], characteristic for MMSP and not seen in cutaneous melanoma. Survival in MMSP has been correlated with tumor size, tumor necrosis, and ploidy status. Overall reported clinical outcome for this tumor is as follows: died of disease, 45%; alive with disease, 23%; no evidence of disease, 30%; and died of other causes, 2%. MMSP represents a distinct entity with a characteristic ultrastructural appearance and a tumor defining cytogenetic translocation.     

非靶向代谢组学揭示天葵不同部位差异代谢物及其主要代谢途径

目的:利用非靶向代谢组学挖掘天葵非药用部位潜在的药用价值。方法:以天葵茎、叶、花为材料,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱法对其进行非靶向代谢组学分析。结果:天葵茎、叶、花中共鉴定出16大类101个差异代谢物(DAMs),其中包含羧酸及其衍生物、有机含氧化合物、脂质、苯及其取代衍生物、生物碱、黄酮类、萜类、苯丙素类、酚酸类、核苷酸、有机盐、内酯、有机酸、内源性植物激素、氨基酸和13个其他物质。通过聚类和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)分析发现,天葵不同部位的DAMs代谢模式存在一定的差异;其主要代谢途径为苯丙氨酸代谢途径、ABC转运途径、氨酰-tRNA合成途径及苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成途径。结论:通过天葵不同部位间DAMs的鉴定及其生物合成途径的分析,确定天葵茎、叶、花富含多种具有药用功效的代谢活性物质,可为天葵茎、叶、花的资源开发利用提供参考。     

天冬药材药理实验研究

目的:从天冬水提液、总多糖、总皂苷三种不同提取部位中初步筛选天冬药材的有效部位群。方法:以小鼠为研究对象,灌服不同剂量的以上三种提取液7d,进行低温游泳和常压缺氧实验,以对比给药小鼠免疫及抗应激能力。以D半乳糖致衰小鼠为研究对象,灌服不同剂量的以上三种提取液30d,以脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),脑、肝组织中Na+·K+ATP酶、丙二醛(MDA)及血浆中MDA活性为评价指标,对比研究天冬不同提取部位的抗氧化能力。结果:天冬总多糖低、高剂量组能不同程度增加小鼠胸腺和脾脏重量;水提液低、高剂量组能显著增加小鼠耐缺氧时间(P<0.01);天冬水提液低、高剂量组和总多糖的高剂量组能增加小鼠在冰水中的游泳时间。与衰老模型组比较,天冬水提液高剂量组能提高衰老小鼠脑和肝组织中Na+·K+ATP酶活性;水提液低、高剂量组能不同程度降低衰老小鼠脑、肝和血浆中MDA的含量,天冬总多糖高剂量组能降低衰老小鼠肝组织中MDA含量(P<0.01)。结论:天冬水提液低剂量组和高剂量组具有提高小鼠对抗应激反应的能力,长期服用天冬水提液高剂量组能延缓小鼠由D半乳糖引起的衰老。天冬总多糖能不同程度增加小鼠胸腺和脾脏的重量,提高小鼠对抗应激反应的能力,并有一定的延缓衰老作用。天冬总皂苷在以上几项实验中作用均不明显。     

藏药波棱瓜栽培技术的研究

目的：介绍波棱瓜的栽培采收加工方法。方法：通过生物学观察和田间试验，总结了波棱瓜种植技术和主要病虫害防治方法。结果：此种植方法、田间管理、病虫害防治、采收与加工方法等在青藏高原东部地区是可行的。结论：波棱瓜的种植技术和主要病虫害防治方法、采收方法可以在青藏高原东部地区推广，满足藏药生产对波棱瓜的原料需求，具有较明显的经济效益。     

不同产地及不同药用部位茯苓的比较研究

目的:比较研究不同药用部位及不同产地茯苓中茯苓酸的含量.方法:采用高效液相色谱法对不同药用部位和不同产地茯苓的茯苓酸进行含量测定.结果:茯苓不同药用部位中,茯神中茯苓酸的含量为最高;不同产地的茯苓中,广西产茯苓的茯苓酸含量为最高.结论:茯苓的不同药用部位中茯苓酸的含量差异较大,说明临床分部位入药具有一定的合理性;不同产地茯苓中茯苓酸的含量差别不大,其中以河南产茯苓含量略低,临床使用时不必区分产地.     

以脾虚模型小鼠胃肠激素含量为依据优化枳术颗粒提取工艺

目的探索枳术颗粒分离部位及其组合对脾虚模型小鼠胃肠激素含量的影响,优化枳术颗粒的提取工艺。方法用优化的工艺制备枳术颗粒的不同分离部位。72只小鼠随机分为对照组、脾虚模型组、多潘立酮组、枳实总黄酮组、枳实总生物碱组、枳实组、枳实白术组、枳术方组和枳术颗粒组。大黄水浸煎液灌胃制作小鼠脾虚模型,建模的同时给药,对照组则给予等量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液。酶联免疫法检测各组小鼠血清胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、十二指肠胃动素(motilin,MTL)和胃窦组织中血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)水平的变化。结果与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清GAS、十二指肠组织MTL含量降低,胃窦组织VIP含量升高。枳术颗粒不同分离部位均能不同程度调节脾虚小鼠胃肠激素水平,各部位合用与枳术颗粒效果相当。结论枳术颗粒分离部位合用能有效调节脾虚小鼠胃肠激素水平,优化后的工艺可行。     

Searching for the elusive neural substrates of body part terms: A neuropsychological study

Previous neuropsychological studies suggest that, compared to other categories of concrete entities, lexical and conceptual aspects of body part knowledge are frequently spared in brain-damaged patients. To further investigate this issue, we administered a battery of 12 tests assessing lexical and conceptual aspects of body part knowledge to 104 brain-damaged patients with lesions distributed throughout the telencephalon. There were two main outcomes. First, impaired oral naming of body parts, attributable to a disturbance of the mapping between lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological structures, was most reliably and specifically associated with lesions in the left frontal opercular and anterior/inferior parietal opercular cortices and in the white matter underlying these regions (8 patients). Also, 1 patient with body part anomia had a left occipital lesion that included the “extrastriate body area” (EBA). Second, knowledge of the meanings of body part terms was remarkably resistant to impairment, regardless of lesion site; in fact, we did not uncover a single patient who exhibited significantly impaired understanding of the meanings of these terms. In the 9 patients with body part anomia, oral naming of concrete entities was evaluated, and this revealed that 4 patients had disproportionately worse naming of body parts relative to other types of concrete entities. Taken together, these findings extend previous neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies of body part knowledge and add to our growing understanding of the nuances of how different linguistic and conceptual categories are operated by left frontal and parietal structures.