玉米/鹰嘴豆间作条件下不同施磷量对灌耕灰钙土无机磷组分的影响--测试文章

在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米/鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O-P＞Ca₁₀-P＞Ca₈-P＞Al-P＞Fe-P＞Ca₂-P,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P的含量,O-P和Ca₁₀-P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe-P、施纯磷 40 kg·hm^-2处理下Al-P及施纯磷 80 kg·hm^-2处理下Ca₁₀-P的含量显著低于单作土壤。     

黄芩-果树间作的生态种植技术探究

目的:探究不同种植模式下黄芩产量、质量及综合效益的差异,分析黄芩-果树间作的种植技术原理,为黄芩的生态种植推广应用提供理论依据。方法:通过高效液相色谱法测定黄芩药材中黄芩苷含量,采用SPSS24.0统计软件对黄芩-果树间作移栽、单作移栽和单作直播3种种植模式下黄芩种子的千粒质量、发芽率、发芽势及3种种植模式下黄芩药材的产量、黄芩苷含量、白粉病病情指数进行统计分析。结果:与单作直播种植模式相比,黄芩-果树间作种植模式提高了黄芩种子和药材的产量,降低了黄芩白粉病病情指数,经济产值是黄芩单作移栽种植模式的2.96倍,是单作苹果种植模式的1.32倍。结论:在黄芩适宜种植区内合理利用果树下的土地资源进行黄芩-果树间作种植,不仅能减少成本投入、增加种植户的经济效益,还可以减少农药施用、提高黄芩药材的安全品质、保护和改善生态环境、实现果树与黄芩共生互利,具有较高的生态价值与社会价值。     

Root exudates drive interspecific facilitation by enhancing nodulation and N2 fixation

Plant diversity in experimental systems often enhances ecosystem productivity, but the mechanisms causing this overyielding are only partly understood. Intercropping faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) result in overyielding and also, enhanced nodulation by faba beans. By using permeable and impermeable root barriers in a 2-y field experiment, we show that root–root interactions between faba bean and maize significantly increase both nodulation and symbiotic N₂ fixation in intercropped faba bean. Furthermore, root exudates from maize promote faba bean nodulation, whereas root exudates from wheat and barley do not. Thus, a decline of soil nitrate concentrations caused by intercropped cereals is not the sole mechanism for maize promoting faba bean nodulation. Intercropped maize also caused a twofold increase in exudation of flavonoids (signaling compounds for rhizobia) in the systems. Roots of faba bean treated with maize root exudates exhibited an immediate 11-fold increase in the expression of chalcone–flavanone isomerase (involved in flavonoid synthesis) gene together with a significantly increased expression of genes mediating nodulation and auxin response. After 35 d, faba beans treated with maize root exudate continued to show up-regulation of key nodulation genes, such as early nodulin 93 (ENOD93), and promoted nitrogen fixation. Our results reveal a mechanism for how intercropped maize promotes nitrogen fixation of faba bean, where maize root exudates promote flavonoid synthesis in faba bean, increase nodulation, and stimulate nitrogen fixation after enhanced gene expression. These results indicate facilitative root–root interactions and provide a mechanism for a positive relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity.Many ecosystems, including grasslands (1, 2), forests (3), phytoplankton communities (4), and cropping systems (5), show a positive relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem productivity. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship. A “sampling effect” occurs, because more diverse mixtures have a higher probability of containing a species with higher productivity (6). Complementarity effects occur when species vary in resource use and niche differentiation in space or time, leading to greater resource utilization (6–9). Facilitation occurs when one species increases the growth of other species through a wide range of processes (10). Facilitative effects may be direct (e.g., by shade or protection from harsh conditions) or indirect (e.g., when one species reduces attack by pathogens or herbivores on other species) (11–13).Legume/cereal intercropping systems have been widely studied in the context of diversity and ecosystem function and commonly overyield, because dinitrogen (N₂) fixation by legumes increases ecosystem nitrogen (N) supply (7, 8), an example of facilitation. This facilitation is important to agriculture on a large scale, because application of chemical N fertilizer decreases biological N₂ fixation by legumes. Intercropping with maize increases N₂ fixation by faba bean, even with high input of N fertilizer (7), but such a stimulatory effect on faba bean has not been observed in all legume/cereal intercropping systems (7), suggesting species-specific facilitative relationships (14). Plants communicate by an “underground highway”—root exudates, which inhibit or facilitate their neighbors (15)—and part of this communication is through flavonoids, which are key signals in nodulation of legumes. How exactly maize promotes faba bean nodulation and the potential role of flavonoids remain unclear. Here, we explore cross-talk between maize and faba bean through rhizosphere processes and physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning this communication.     

不同间作模式下板蓝根产量及经济效益分析

目的研究不同间作模式下板蓝根农艺性状、产量及经济效益的差异,探讨板蓝根最佳种植模式。方法采用大田随机区组试验,设计板蓝根与玉米6:1(T1)、6:2(T2)、12:4(T3)和计板蓝根与芝麻4:2(T4)、9:5(T5)、15:7(T6),共6种模式,测定板蓝根农艺性状、根产量、大青叶产量及玉米或芝麻产量,并进行经济效益分析。结果间作后单株板蓝根重和大青叶重增加,板蓝根最佳模式为板蓝根与玉米6:1和6:2间种,经济效益分别增加11.6%和11.9%。结论板蓝根与玉米间作能明显提高经济效益,板蓝根最佳模式为板蓝根与玉米6:2间种。     

间套作与中药材的生态栽培

针对目前药用植物栽培中出现的药材品质下降，病虫害发生频繁的现象，本文从农田生物多样性的典型种植模式-间套作提高农田生态系统生产力机理分析入手，对间套作在提高药用植物产量、改善品质和控制病虫害发生频率等方面进行综述。     

绞股蓝间作套种技术研究

首次应用灰色关联分析和系统层次分析方法,综合评价了绞股蓝不同间作套种组合模式的经济、生态和社会效益,提出了绞股蓝间作套种组合优化模式和生产管理措施。     

不同栽培模式对粗茎秦艽根际土壤微生物多样性与次生代谢产物含量的影响

目的 探讨不同栽培模式对粗茎秦艽产量及其根际土壤微生物多样性和次生代谢产物含量的影响。方法 以不同栽培模式粗茎秦艽及其根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析根际土壤中细菌和真菌群落组成及优势菌群和差异微生物;采用高效液相色谱法测定不同栽培模式粗茎秦艽中环烯醚萜类成分含量。结果 相较于地膜种植,采取无地膜种植与间作牡丹、白芸豆、土豆和玉米等作物后,粗茎秦艽鲜品增产16.11%~17.68%、22.48%~26.34%、29.37%~32.19%、34.82%~36.57%和35.34%~39.71%,干品增产19.75%~23.17%、25.86%~29.32%、30.18%~34.94%、35.22%~39.87%和39.72%~43.73%,龙胆苦苷、马钱苷酸、獐牙菜苷和獐牙菜苦苷4种环烯醚萜类成分总含量分别提高10.17%~37.83%、5.93%~47.44%、9.09%~28.84%和10.71%~28.57%。根际土壤中细菌和真菌群落多样性明显增高（P<0.05）,其中粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）、锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、银耳菌纲（Tremellomycetes）、散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）和支孢甁霉属（Cladophialophora）等致病菌群相对丰度降低,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）等有益菌群比例增高且逐渐成为优势菌群。结论 粗茎秦艽不同栽培模式可影响其产量和根际土壤微生物群落多样性及环烯醚萜类成分的累积,无地膜种植和间作模式具有一定优势,可为粗茎秦艽种植提供理论参考。     

Sugarcane/peanut intercropping system improves the soil quality and increases the abundance of beneficial microbes

Sugarcane/peanut intercropping is a highly efficient planting pattern in South China. However, the effects of sugarcane/peanut intercropping on soil quality need to be clarified. This study characterized the soil microbial community and the soil quality in sugarcane/peanut intercropping systems by the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that the intercropping sugarcane (IS) system significantly increased the total N (TN), available N (AN), available P (AP), pH value, and acid phosphatase activity (ACP), but it had little effect on the total P (TP), total K (TK), available K (AK), organic matter (OM), urease activity, protease activity, catalase activity, and sucrase activity, compared with those in monocropping sugarcane (MS) and monocropping peanut (MP) systems. Both intercropping peanut (IP) and IS soils contained more bacteria and fungi than soils in the MP and MS fields, and the microbes identified were mainly Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria, respectively. Intercropping significantly increased the number of unique microbes in IS soils (68 genera), compared with the numbers in the IP (14), MS (17), and MP (16) systems. The redundancy analysis revealed that the abundances of culturable Acidobacteriaceae subgroup 1, nonculturable DA111, and culturable Acidobacteria were positively correlated with the measured soil quality in the intercropping system. Furthermore, the sugarcane/peanut intercropping significantly increased the economic benefit by 87.84% and 36.38%, as compared with that of the MP and MS, respectively. These results suggest that peanut and sugarcane intercropping increases the available N and P content by increasing the abundance of rhizospheric microbes, especially Acidobacteriaceae subgroup 1, DA111, and Acidobacteria.     

三叉苦生态种植模式现状分析及建议

目的:通过对现有三叉苦种植模式进行分析总结,以期为三叉苦生态种植模式的推广应用提供技术支持。方法:采用文献调研与实地考察、资源调查相结合的方式,对三叉苦药材的种植现状进行分析。结果:总结了适宜三叉苦生长的土壤、气候因子;提炼了三叉苦-千里香套作模式的种植方法;分析了三叉苦套作模式的生态优势;阐述了三叉苦-千里香套作生态种植模式的关键点与生态学原理。结论:三叉苦单一种植模式是目前的主要种植模式,但其生物多样性低,易发生大规模病害,生态价值与经济价值均低于三叉苦-千里香套作模式。因此,在三叉苦种植区,建议实施三叉苦与千里香套作模式或野生抚育模式,以获得较高的生态效益与经济效益。