朱砂对大鼠的肝肾毒性研究

目的:研究朱砂的肝、肾毒性特点,提出朱砂安全用药剂量和用药时间建议,为朱砂的临床安全用药提供科学依据.方法:小鼠单次灌胃给药,测定最大耐受量.采用SD大鼠随机分为对照组和朱砂0.025,0.05,0.1,0.4,0.8 g·kg-1·d~(-1)(相当于《中国药典》剂量高限的1/2,1,2,8,16倍)剂量组.各剂量组均每日灌胃给药1次,连续3个月,于给药后1,2,3个月和停药1个月,测定尿液定性、血常规以及血清生化指标,并观察肝、肾、心、脑等主要脏器的组织形态学变化,确定无明显不良作用水平(NOAEL).结果:朱砂在HgS为98%、可溶性汞为21.5μg·g~(-1)情况下,给小鼠单次灌胃给药最大耐受量达到24g·kg~(-1)(等于摄入可溶性汞516μg·kg~(-1)),相当于人日用量约3 000倍,未见明显毒性反应.朱砂超过一定剂量用药达到1个月以上,肾脏和肝脏均可见与朱砂毒性有关的病理改变,其中,肾脏对朱砂更为敏感.大鼠灌胃朱砂1个月和3个月的无明显毒性剂量分别为0.1,0.05 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)(累积摄入可溶性汞64.5,96μg·kg~(-1)).按照安全系数为60计算出人服用朱砂的日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake,ADI)约为0.000 9～0.001 7 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),相当于60 kg人日用剂量为0.05～0.1 g.结论:反复使用朱砂时,建议在可溶性汞含量≤21 μg·g~(-1)的条件下,朱砂的用药剂量不宜超过0.05～0.1 g,用药时间不宜超过2周.     

三氯乙烯染毒小鼠Th17细胞与肝功能损害的关系

目的 检测三氯乙烯(TCE)染毒小鼠体内Th17细胞数量及其分泌的白介素17(IL-17)含量和肝功能的变化,探讨Th17细胞与TCE引起的肝功能损害的关系.方法 雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为TCE(2.5、5 mg/ml)组、空白对照组和溶剂对照组.染毒2、4、8、12周,采集外周血用全自动生化仪测定肝功能,处死动物...     

Effects of Cassava Juice (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on Renal and Hepatic Function and Motor Impairments in Male Rats

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a plant that contains neurotoxins such as linamarin and lotaustraline. Its long-term consumption is associated with neuronal damage and contributes to the development of motor impairment in humans and rats. We investigated the effects of the consumption of cassava juice on renal and hepatic function and motor impairments in male rats. The rats received the vehicle, non-toxic and toxic doses of cassava juice, or linamarin as a pharmacological control, over 35 consecutive days. The effects were evaluated in an open field test, rotarod, and swim test. The toxic cassava dose and linamarin resulted in motor impairments in the rotarod and swim test from day 7 of treatment. The toxic cassava dose and linamarin increased the parameters that indicate renal and hepatic damage, with the exception of total protein and albumin levels. Behavioral variables that show motor incoordination (i.e., latency to fall in the rotarod) were negatively correlated with biochemical parameters of renal and kidney damage, whereas spin behavior was positively correlated. Our data indicate that chronic oral consumption of cassava juice caused renal and hepatic damage that was correlated with motor coordination impairment in rats, similarly to their principal neurotoxic compound, linamarin.     

柴胡总皂苷醇洗脱精制品对大鼠慢性肝毒性“量-毒”关系研究

目的:观察连续15 d给予大鼠不同剂量的柴胡总皂苷醇洗脱精制样品导致大鼠肝毒性的损伤程度。方法:分别给予大鼠灌胃高、中、低剂量的柴胡总皂苷醇洗脱精制样品,按柴胡总皂苷计算,高、中、低剂量组分别为300,150,50 mg.kg-1,除观察一般状况外,检测血中肝功、肾功、脂质代谢、糖代谢相关指标;剖杀大鼠,精密称量心、肝、脾、肺、肾脏质量,计算脏体比值;进行肝脏病理组织学检查。结果:不同剂量的柴胡总皂苷醇洗脱精制样品可导致大鼠体重下降,导致血中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆红素(TBI)水平增高,肝脏质量和肝体比值增大,病理学检查可见不同程度的肝组织损伤;上述变化随剂量的增加而逐渐加重,与空白组比较有明显差异。对尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、总蛋白(TPC)、胆固醇(CHO)、血糖(GLU)含量影响不明显。结论:柴胡对大鼠肝毒性损伤程度与柴胡用药剂量、柴胡总皂苷含量呈剂量依赖关系,并呈现一定的"量-毒"关系。柴胡总皂苷是柴胡导致肝毒性的毒效部位,柴胡总皂苷醇洗脱精制品(81.9%)在一定剂量下,连续给药15 d即可导致大鼠明显的肝脏器质性病变,其细胞损伤乃至坏死是主要病理改变。     

何首乌肝毒性物质基础探索研究

通过观察何首乌中蒽醌类成分对Hep G2细胞的细胞毒作用,并通过精密肝切片技术对细胞毒成分进行验证,探讨何首乌致肝毒性的物质基础。运用MTT法检测何首乌中游离蒽醌、结合蒽醌及柰类共11个单体成分对Hep G2细胞的毒性。将有明确细胞毒的成分与大鼠肝切片共同培养6 h后制备肝组织匀浆,通过BCA法测定匀浆液中蛋白含量,连续监测法测定并计算每1μg蛋白中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰氨基转肽酶(GGT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的漏出率,以考察这些成分对肝组织的毒性作用。细胞试验结果显示,只有大黄酸、大黄素、大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和大黄素甲醚-8-O-(6'-O-乙酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷显示一定的细胞毒作用,其IC50分别为71.07,125.62,242.27,402.32μmol·L-1,而其他7个化合物的毒性很小。肝切片试验结果显示,大黄酸400μmol·L-1组能引起肝切片ALT,AST,LDH漏出率的显著升高(P0.01),100μmol·L-1组能引起肝切片LDH漏出率的显著升高(P0.05);随药物浓度增大,肝切片中蛋白含量显著下降(P0.05),显示有一定的量毒关系。大黄素400μmol·L-1组可引起肝切片ALT,GGT,LDH漏出率的显著升高(P0.01)。大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷800μmol·L-1组能引起肝切片ALT,AST,LDH漏出率的显著升高(P0.01或P0.05),200μmol·L-1组能引起肝切片LDH漏出率的显著升高(P0.05);且随药物浓度的增大肝切片中ALT,AST,LDH漏出率呈升高趋势,蛋白含量呈下降趋势。此外,浓度为800μmol·L-1的大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷还可使肝切片MTT还原能力显著下降(P0.01)。结果提示,大黄酸、大黄素及大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷只有在高浓度(≥400μmol·L-1)时才可能对肝组织产生一定的损害作用。但是,据文献报道这3个成分的体内暴露水平都很低,要达到毒性浓度(400μmol·L-1或800μmol·L-1)的暴露水平,转化为健康成人至少分别需要单次口服4 898,339,5 581 g的何首乌药材,这与何首乌的临床使用剂量(生首乌3~6 g,制首乌6~12 g)相差甚远,因此,"蒽醌类成分是何首乌肝毒性成分"这一说法是缺乏科学依据的。     

甘草苷对CCl_4肝脏毒性的保护作用

目的 :研究甘草苷对CCl4造成的肝脏毒性的保护作用。方法 :采用离体肝灌流技术 ,在灌流液中加入CCl4的同时 ,加入甘草苷 ,定时收集灌流液供测XOD含量用。结果 :甘草苷能显著降低灌流液中XOD含量。结论 :甘草苷对CCl4造成的肝脏毒性有保护作用。     

A systematic review of NSAIDs withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity: lessons learned from the bromfenac experience

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the US and the most common adverse event causing drug non-approval and drug withdrawal by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Three different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been withdrawn in the UK and/or the US due to hepatotoxicity (bromfenac, ibufenac, and benoxaprofen). A systematic review of clinical trials data for these drugs was performed in an effort to identify possible early signals that could have predicted post-marketing serious hepatoxicity. There were very limited published data on benoxaprofen and none on ibufenac or bromfenac. The publicly accessible archives of the FDA provided information on bromfenac. Flu-like symptoms associated with hepatic enzyme elevation and a case of possible drug-related hepatocellular jaundice may in retrospect have been signals for serious hepatotoxicity in the database of 1195 subjects reviewed by the FDA. Following approval, rates of acute liver failure for bromfenac were estimated to be in the range of 1:10 000.In addition, the safety databases of several drugs also accessed through FDA archives have been reviewed (simvastatin, tacrine, troglitazone, and ximelagatran). These data suggest that while ALT elevations alone do not reliably signal serious hepatotoxicity, elevated transaminases in association with symptomatic hepatitis or jaundice may be predictors of an increased risk of ALF. At present, however, pre-approval databases are generally not large enough to rule out low rates of serious hepatotoxicity. Therefore, it remains critical that clinicians report such cases to the FDA through the MEDWATCH system and that active post-marketing monitoring studies be used to identify potential rare cases of hepatotoxicity.     

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: an overview

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) encompasses a spectrum of clinical disease ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure. The majority of adverse liver reactions are idiosyncratic, occurring in most instances 5 – 90 days after the causative medication was last taken. The diagnosis of DILI is clinical, based on history, probability of the suspect medication as a cause of liver injury and exclusion of other hepatic disease. DILI can be hepatocellular (predominant rise in alanine transaminase), cholestatic (predominant rise in alkaline phosphatase) or mixed liver injury. An elevated bilirubin level more than twice the upper limit of normal in patients with hepatocellular liver injury implies severe DILI, with a mortality of ～ 10% and with an incidence rate of 0.7 – 1.3 per 100,000. Although acute liver failure is rare, 13 – 17% of all acute liver failure cases are attributed to idiosyncratic drug reactions. Response to drug withdrawal may be delayed up to 1 year with cholestatic liver injury with occasional subsequent progressive cholestasis known as the vanishing bile duct syndrome. Overall, chronic disease may occur in up to 6% even if the offending drug is withdrawn. Antibiotics and NSAIDs are the most common cause of DILI. Statins rarely cause significant liver injury whereas antiretroviral therapy is associated with hepatotoxicity in 10% of treated patients. Multiple mechanisms of DILI have been implicated, including TNF-α-activated apoptosis, inhibition of mitochondrial function and neoantigen formation. Risk factors for DILI include age, sex and genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolising enzymes such as cytochrome P450. In patients with human immunodeficiency virus, the presence of chronic viral hepatitis increases the risk of antiretroviral therapy hepatotoxicity. Over the next decade, the combination of accurate case ascertainment of DILI via clinical networks and the application of genomics and proteomics will hopefully lead to accurate prediction of risk of DILI, so that pharmacotherapy can be optimised with avoidance of adverse hepatic events.