大别山区3种鸢尾科药材白绢病病原鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确大别山区射干、鸢尾、蝴蝶花3种鸢尾科药材白绢病病原菌种类及其生物学特性,该文根据柯赫法则对鸢尾科白绢病病原菌进行了分离、鉴定、致病性测定并对其生物学特性进行了研究,此外,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种化学杀菌剂、3种植物源杀菌剂和5种微生物菌剂对白绢病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:从射干、鸢尾、蝴蝶花感病植株分离得到的SG-Q,YW-Q,HDH-Q菌株通过形态鉴定,18S rDNA,rDNA-ITS以及TEF序列分子鉴定均为齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii。通过田间调查及回接实验表明3种鸢尾科药材白绢病田间发病率是射干>蝴蝶花>鸢尾,菌株致病力强弱则是SG-Q>YW-Q>HDH-Q。在不同培养条件下白绢病菌菌株SG-Q适宜在12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下生长,最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH为5。9种化学杀菌剂中29%石硫合剂和10%氟硅唑对病原菌SG-Q菌丝生长具有很好的抑制作用;3种植物源杀菌剂1%蛇床子素、20%丁子香酚、0.5%小檗碱均对SG-Q菌丝生长具有抑制作用,且可使该菌菌丝形态发生变化;5种微生物菌剂中哈茨木霉菌和枯草芽孢杆菌对SG-Q菌丝生长具有较好抑制作用。     

Design,Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Oxime Ether Strobilurin Derivatives Containing Indole Moiety as Novel Fungicide

Twenty‐one novel oxime ether strobilurins containing indole moiety, which employed an indole group to stabilize the E‐styryl group in Enoxastrobin, were designed and synthesized. The biological assay indicated that most compounds exhibited potent fungicidal activities. The structure–activity relationship study demonstrated that the synthesized methyl 3‐methoxypropenoate oxime ethers 7b–e exhibited remarkably high activities among all the synthesized oxime ether compounds 7 . Moreover, the fungicidal activities of methyl α‐(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate oxime ethers compounds 7f–i and N‐methoxy‐carbamic acid methyl esters compounds 7j–m showed significant differences compared to the corresponding products of ammonolysis.     

Deleterious action of azadirachtin against the mutualistic fungus of leaf-cutting ants

Leaf-cutting ants have a beneficial and obligatory relationship with the fungus that they grow. This mutualism allowed the evolutionary success of these ants. The great defoliation capacity of these insects, which often exceeds the level of tolerable economic damage, includes them as severe pests in many cultures. However, given the close relationship between these two agents of mutualism, it is expected that an impact on the fungus will reflect on the performance of the colony as a whole. Therefore, the effect of azadirachtin on the development, and the macronutrient composition of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus was evaluated. Azadirachtin reduced the final fungal mass at the end of treatment at all concentrations tested, but did not reduce the final growth area. A reduction in the amount of hyphae produced with increasing azadirachtin concentration was also observed. Regarding macronutrients, the compound did not affect their total amount in the fungus. Thus, it is observed that azadirachtin did not alter the composition of L. gongylophorus macronutrients, but inhibited its growth by reducing the number of hyphae produced. This reduction reflects directly on the amount of nutrients offered to the workers and the queen and may improve the management of these insects.     

香鳞毛蕨有效部位对红色毛癣菌体外抗真菌的作用

目的 采用试管稀释法和CLSI M38-A2微量液基稀释法研究香鳞毛蕨有效部位(简称DF)对红色毛癣菌的体外抗真菌作用,并比较两种方法的一致性.方法 利用两种方法测定DF对红色毛癣菌标准株(6株)和临床分离菌株(7株)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MFC).结果 试管稀释法测定DF对13株红色毛癣菌的MIC范围为生药0.469～ 15.0 mg/mL;MFC范围为生药0.938～ 15.0 mg/mL.其中DF对标准菌株MIC范围为生药0.469 ～ 7.5 mg/mL,几何均值为2.652 mg/mL,MFC范围为生药0.938～ 15.0 mg/mL,几何均值为3.750 mg/mL.微量稀释法测定DF对红色毛癣菌标准菌株的MIC范围为生药0.312 5～5.0 mg/mL,几何均值为1.25 mg/mL;其MFC范围为生药1.25 ～ 20.0 mg/mL,几何均值为5.0 mg/mL.结论 香鳞毛蕨有效部位对红色毛癣菌有抑菌作用和杀菌作用,两种方法的测定结果有较好的一致性.     

Allergic contact dermatitis from 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy) ethyl]-1H-imidazole in a water-based metalworking fluid

Water-based metalworking fluids (MWF) frequently cause irritant contact dermatitis (1, 2), and some of their constituents, especially biocides, may induce allergic contact dermatitis (3).     

我国人参灰霉病菌对3种化学杀菌剂的抗药性

目的 明确我国人参主产区灰霉病菌对化学杀菌剂多菌灵、异菌脲和嘧霉胺的抗药性水平,为人参灰霉病科学防控提供参考。方法 采用菌丝生长速率法评价人参灰霉病菌的抗药性。结果 供试人参灰霉病菌均对多菌灵表现出较高的抗药性（半数有效浓度?640 μg·mL^–1）;对异菌脲相对敏感;对嘧霉胺的抗药性地域特征明显,吉林人参灰霉病菌抗药性最强,辽宁人参灰霉病菌抗药性次之,黑龙江人参灰霉病菌抗药性最弱。结论 全部供试人参灰霉病菌已经对多菌灵产生很强的抗药性,建议在东北防治人参灰霉病时停用多菌灵;部分人参产区的灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺产生较强的抗药性,应选择性停用;供试菌株对异菌脲的整体抗药性偏低,可继续在人参产区使用。     

三唑醇分子印迹聚合物的制备及在食品检测中的应用

目的:制备三唑醇分子印迹聚合物(MIP),建立食品中三唑醇残留检测方法。方法:以三唑醇为模板分子,α-甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,采用本体聚合法合成了MIP,以该MIP为固相萃取剂处理样品,并采用高效液相色谱法检测,使用Shim VP-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(体积比为40∶60)作为流动相,检测波长为224 nm。结果:三唑醇线性范围为0.1～200μg.mL-1,线性相关系数为0.9998,检出限为0.5μg.g-1,在2μg.g-1和10μg.g-1添加水平下,平均回收率在79.3%～86.0%之间,RSD≤2.3%(n=5)。结论:该方法灵敏度较高,重现性好,检测快速,是检测食品中三唑醇杀菌剂残留的有效方法。     

荒漠肉苁蓉茎腐病的初步研究

目的分离和鉴定肉苁蓉茎腐病病原菌,研究其生物学特性,并室内筛选对该病原菌有效的杀菌剂。方法组织分离法和菌丝尖端纯化法得到主要病原菌,通过测量不同营养条件下菌落生长直径研究其生物学特性,平皿菌丝生长抑制法进行杀菌剂的生物测定。结果接骨木镰刀菌Fusariumsambucinum是肉苁蓉茎腐病的主要病原菌,为首次记录;适合其生长的培养基为PSA培养基,对碳和氮的吸收主要以蔗糖和蛋白胨为主,适宜生长温度为10～30℃,适宜生长pH为6～8;多菌灵、菌线威、绿享二号在室内可以有效地抑制病原菌。结论该病原菌的分离鉴定可以为该病害原的防治提供理论依据。     

三唑杀菌剂的三维定量构效关系研究

利用限制性构象搜寻确定了三唑杀菌剂１３个化合物的重叠规则，并利用比较分子力场分析方法进行了三维定量构效关系（ＱＳＡＲ）研究。得到具有较强预测能力的ＱＳＡＲ模型，研究结果表明：影响此类化合物生物活性的主要是空间立体效应，而是勺为次要因素，并依据模型设计出了高活性的化合物。