Effects of the use of mobile phone on postural and locomotor tasks: a scoping review

BackgroundUsing a mobile phone while performing a postural and locomotor tasks is a common, daily situation. Conversing or sending messages (SMS) while walking account for a significant share of accidental injuries. Therefore, understanding the consequences of using a mobile phone on balance and walking is important, all the more so when these postural and locomotor tasks are aggravated by a disease.Research questionOur objective was to conduct a scoping review on the influence of a dual-task situation – generated by the use of mobile phone – on users' postural and/or locomotor tasks.MethodsThe literature search was conducted in English on PubMed/Medline and CINHAL databases, using keywords associated with postural and locomotor tasks and with the use of mobile phone. Study location, population, number of subjects, experimental design, types of phone use, evaluated postural-locomotor tasks and expected effects were then analyzed.Results and significance46 studies were included in this work, 24 of which came from North America. All studies compared postural and locomotor tasks with and without the use of a smartphone. Ten studies also compared at least 2 groups with different characteristics. Only 4 studies included pathological subjects. Various modalities were tested, and most studies focused on walking. Results show that the use of smartphones slows down movement and induces a systematic imbalance, except when listening to music. The dual task of "using the smartphone during a postural or locomotor tasks" induces systematic disturbances of balance and movement, which must be taken into account in the rehabilitation approach. Future studies will have to extend the knowledge regarding pathological situations.     

Trade-offs between acquired and innate immune defenses in humans

Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available for other physiological or developmental processes. We propose a framework for explaining variation in patterns of investment in two important subsystems of anti-pathogen defense: innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) immunity. The developmental costs of acquired immunity are high, but the costs of maintenance and activation are relatively low. Innate immunity imposes lower upfront developmental costs, but higher operating costs. Innate defenses are mobilized quickly and are effective against novel pathogens. Acquired responses are less effective against novel exposures, but more effective against secondary exposures due to immunological memory. Based on their distinct profiles of costs and effectiveness, we propose that the balance of investment in innate versus acquired immunity is variable, and that this balance is optimized in response to local ecological conditions early in development. Nutritional abundance, high pathogen exposure and low signals of extrinsic mortality risk during sensitive periods of immune development should all favor relatively higher levels of investment in acquired immunity. Undernutrition, low pathogen exposure, and high mortality risk should favor innate immune defenses. The hypothesis provides a framework for organizing prior empirical research on the impact of developmental environments on innate and acquired immunity, and suggests promising directions for future research in human ecological immunology.     

附着龈重建应用于口腔种植修复中的临床效果观察

目的探讨附着龈重建应用于口腔种植修复中的临床效果。方法将本院于2016年10月-2018年10月期间收治的行口腔种植修复治疗的附着龈缺失患者82例作为研究资料,依据治疗方案分组,对照组为传统修复治疗方案,观察组采用附着龈重建治疗修复方案,各41例,评价两组术后不同阶段附着龈宽度、龈缘外形及附着点重建改善效果,并评价患者评价治疗满意度。结果术后3个月观察组患者附着龈宽度改善Ⅲ级率56.10%明显高于对照组0.00%,龈缘外形与附着点重建Ⅲ级率60.98%明显高于对照组0.00%(P <0.05);术后6个月观察组患者附着龈宽度改善Ⅲ级率75.61%明显高于对照组0.00%,龈缘外形与附着点重建Ⅲ级率73.17%明显高于对照组0.00%(P <0.05);观察组治疗满意度97.56%与对照组70.73%比较明显更高(P <0.05)。结论针对行口腔种植修复治疗的附着龈缺失患者采用附着龈重建治疗修复方案利于快速恢复附着龈增加宽度,改善龈缘外形及附着点重建效果,获得患者的高度满意度,治疗价值较高。     

浅谈哈萨克斯坦荒漠草地现状与改良利用

中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦共和国生态环境特点极为相似,荒漠、半荒漠草地类型占草原面积的首位。由草原研究所派出的科技交流团,先后考察了哈国荒漠草地现状与改良利用情况,就优良旱生牧草新品种选育和荒漠、半荒漠区无灌溉条件下人工草地建植与管理技术模式达成技术合作事宜。     

珠海市横琴岛嗜人按蚊生态习性研究

目的:研究珠海市横琴岛嗜人按蚊的生态习性。方法:蚊媒调查方法。结果:横琴岛嗜人按蚊主要孳生于水质清凉、遮阴良好的淡水沟溪及有丰富水体的香蕉地和甘蔗地等。属人、牛血兼吸品种，趋吸人血比例为76、34％，吸血后外逸比例为92、77％，夜间吸血活动高峰在午夜后至次日清晨，全年高峰季节在8～10月。结论:该地嗜人按蚊有人、牛血兼吸，趋吸人血比例较大陆品种低，偏野栖，夜间吸血活动持续时间长，全年活动高峰季节长的生态特点。     

明天的医学向何处去——平衡医学方法论略谈

《明天的医学向何处去》一文是王佑三同志应中国中医研究院、中西医结合研究会1990～2010年中医药研究的重大进展与突破预测研究课题组和中国人体科学学会之约所撰。本报征得作者同意稍加删节后发表,期望引起对“明天的医学”的关注。     

On the Importance of Age-Adjustment Methods in Ecological Studies of Social Determinants of Mortality

Objective. To illustrate the potential sensitivity of ecological associations between mortality and certain socioeconomic factors to different methods of age-adjustment.
Data Sources. Secondary analysis employing state-level data from several publicly available sources. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates for 1990 are obtained from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. The Gini coefficient for family income and percent of persons below the federal poverty line are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Putnam's (2000) Social Capital Index was downloaded from http://www.bowlingalone.com ; the Social Mistrust Index was calculated from responses to the General Social Survey, following the method described in Kawachi et al. (1997) . All other covariates are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Study Design. We use least squares regression to estimate the effect of several state-level socioeconomic factors on mortality rates. We examine whether these statistical associations are sensitive to the use of alternative methods of accounting for the different age composition of state populations. Following several previous studies, we present results for the case when only mortality rates are age-adjusted. We contrast these results with those obtained from regressions of crude mortality on age variables.
Principal Findings. Different age-adjustment methods can cause a change in the sign or statistical significance of the association between mortality and various socioeconomic factors. When age variables are included as regressors, we find no significant association between mortality and either income inequality, minority racial concentration, or social capital.
Conclusions. Ecological associations between certain socioeconomic factors and mortality may be extremely sensitive to different age-adjustment methods.     

铁皮石斛的栽培研究

本文总结了铁皮石斛组培苗移栽的最佳时间、最佳基质及温湿度的控制,使铁皮石斛的栽培变得简单易行。     

2021年江苏省中药材生产统计分析

目的:对2021年江苏省中药材生产情况进行统计分析,为该省中药产业发展宏观管理和调控提供参考。方法:重点参考江苏省中药资源普查工作办公室、江苏省中药资源动态监测体系、国家中药材产业技术体系江苏相关岗站的实地调查数据,采用中药学、统计学与地理信息系统等领域的技术方法,对2021年江苏省全域中药材种植面积、品种,以及中药材产量、产值进行统计分析。结果:2021年,江苏省有68个县种植中药材,种植品种46种,种植面积共115.56万亩(1亩≈666.67 m^(2)),年产量54.06万t,年产值约69.38亿元。江苏省中药材种植面积及产量较大的地区主要分布在徐州市、盐城市、扬州市、南通市、泰州市和淮安市,占全省中药材种植总面积的97.72%。种植万亩以上的中药材有15种,种植面积达109.43万亩,占全省中药材种植面积的94.69%。本次统计中,江苏省乔木类中药材种植面积最大,种植面积为52.17万亩,占比45.14%;其次为草本类、藤本类、灌木类。江苏省重点中药材银杏、菊花、芡实、瓜蒌、黄蜀葵花和薄荷种植面积为40.97万亩,占全省中药材种植面积的37.44%;产量106336420 t,占全省中药材产量的19.66%。结论:本次统计结果反映了江苏省中药材的种植现状,为制定江苏省中药材生产及中药产业规划、调整农村中药材产业结构、建设中药材规范化种植基地提供科学依据,为促进中药资源信息化做出必要准备。