安胃降逆饮对大鼠胃功能的影响

目的 观察安胃降逆饮对胃功能的影响,分析其镇吐作用机制。方法 采用大鼠离体胃条法测定胃条张力,小鼠粉红排空试验法测定胃排空量和０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＯＨ滴定法测定胃酸含量。结果安胃降逆饮对大鼠胃肌物基础张力和乙酰胆碱引起的痉挛性收缩有明显抑制作用（Ｐ〈０．０１）,对小鼠胃排空,大鼠胃液量,胃液酸度及总酸度无明显影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论 安胃降逆饮的镇吐作用至少部分是通过抑制胃肠平滑肌蠕动而发挥作     

Recent advances,trends and economic considerations in the risk assessment,prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting

During the last two decades there have been considerable achievements regarding the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Due to the importance of these symptoms in the aim to streamline clinical processes and to improve patient satisfaction, the debate on the best strategies and also research that focuses on PONV continues. This review summarises the recent developments with respect to the management of PONV. Following a brief review on what is already known on the risk assessment, prevention and treatment of PONV, newer trends in the pharmacological prevention (dexamethasone, neurokinin-1 antagonists, multimodal prevention) will be discussed as well as new insights regarding the value of algorithms for the prevention of PONV. Further, pharmacogenetically based algorithms (according to the metaboliser status) as well as new treatment strategies (dexamethasone, multimodal treatment) will be covered. No drug so far can achieve a reduction of PONV of more than one third. Furthermore, all clinical studies consistently demonstrated that a combination treatment has a simple additive effect without any relevant interaction between different drugs or classes of drugs. The relative reduction of ～ 30% can also be expected from dexamethasone and it is likely that the substances presently in development and in an early clinical use (e.g., neurokinin-1 antagonists) will not represent the new panacea. However, they will probably replenish the existing antiemetic portfolio to better cope with high risk patients. Stratified prevention using pharmacogenetic knowledge is still in the early stages. Algorithms need to be customised to the local settings in order to prove efficient. Treatment remains a most important pillar and there is evidence that the principles of combining antiemetics to prolong effects and improve protection can be similarly applied to treatment. Recent developments in the area of PONV are more related to implementing the already existing evidence than based on the introduction of new molecules. New molecules replenish the pharmacological antiemetic portfolio, which is needed due to the limited efficacy of any single agent available so far. The new neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, aprepitant, and the long lasting 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist palonosetron are the latest developments in this context. Treatment is most important and can also be regarded as a secondary prevention. Due to limited efficacy of single treatment interventions, combination therapy may gain more widespread use in the future.     

The addition of antiemetics to the morphine solution in patient controlled analgesia syringes used by children after an appendicectomy does not reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting

BACKGROUND: We studied the effect of intraoperative ondansetron 0.1 mg x kg(-1) or droperidol 0.01 mg.kg-1, followed by the same dose of the antiemetic agent added to the morphine solution during patient controlled analgesia (PCA) on the incidence of nausea and vomiting in children following an appendicectomy. METHODS: Sixty children, aged 5-13 years, were recruited and randomly allocated to receive no prophylactic antiemetic, the control group (group C), ondansetron (group O) or droperidol (group D). The PCA pump was programmed to deliver a bolus dose of 20 microg x kg(-1) of morphine.with a 5-min lockout period and a background infusion of 4 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1). RESULTS: Postoperatively, the three groups were compared for nausea, vomiting and sedation scores for 24 h. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 33% for group C, 44% for group O and 41% for group D. There was no increase in sedation scores in the droperidol group. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to show any significant benefit from the prophylactic administration of ondansetron or droperidol to children using morphine PCA devices following appendicectomy in the doses we employed.     

乳腺癌治疗过程中4种止吐方案的成本-效果分析

目的比较4种止吐方案预防化疗致消化道反应的疗效与药物经济学成本。方法以中等剂量顺铂为主化疗的患者120例，按恩丹西酮＋地塞米松、恩丹西酮＋地塞米松＋甲孕酮、格拉司琼＋地塞米松、格拉司琼＋甲强龙等治疗方案分成4组，每组30例，运用药物经济学的成本-效果分析方法进行评价。结果4种治疗方案的成本-效果比分别为2．15，1．23，0．71，1．76。结论格拉司琼＋地塞米松组治疗方案的效果最佳。     

盐酸阿扎司琼对肝肿瘤患者TACE术后止吐疗效观察

目的:评估盐酸阿扎司琼对肝肿瘤患者TACE术后恶心呕吐的预防作用。方法:62例病人(其中原发性肝癌33例,转移性肝癌29例),共行78例次TACE治疗,被随机地分入A、B两组,A组(盐酸阿扎司琼组)32例,共42例次,在动脉化疗栓塞术前10分钟内静脉注射盐酸阿扎司琼10mg,术后3-5小时再静注一次。B组(对照组)30例,共36例次,在动脉灌注化疗药前10分钟内静脉注射甲氧氯普胺片(胃复安)10mg,术后3-5小时再静注胃复安10mg。并观察TACE术后A、B组的止吐效果。结果:A组的止吐完全缓解率(CR)和有效率(CR+PR)分别为81.0％和99.7％,明显地高于B组(11.1％和66.7％)(P<0.01)。并且没有发现与阿扎司琼有关的不良反应。结论:盐酸阿扎司琼高效、安全,是一种能预防肝TACE术后所致恶心呕吐反应的较为理想的药物。     

Central antiemetic actions of pimozide and haloperidol in the dog.

The effect of pimozide and haloperidol against emesis induced by nine agents, whose sites of action in producing vomiting have been clearly demonstrated, were studied in conscious dogs. Pimozide and haloperidol were extremely effective in preventing apomorphine-induced emesis. The 50% protective dose (PD50) of oral and intracerebroventricular (4th ventricle) pimozide against emesis, induced by 0.01mg/kg (threshold dose) of intravenous apomorphine, was 5 μg/kg and 0.3 ng/kg, respectively. The corresponding PD50 for haloperidol was 10 smg/kg orally and 0.3 ng/kg via the 4th ventricle. With an oral dose of 100 μg/kg, pimozide and haloperidol prevented emesis induced by a threshold dose of apomorphine for an average of 6.6 and 4.2 days, respectively. Oral administration of 1 mg/kg of pimozide and haloperidol completely inhibited emesis induced by levodopa or Hydergine. The same dose of either pimozide or haloperidol afforded moderate protection against emesis induced by copper sulfate, but had no effect on emesis induced by Veriloid or pilocarpine. These findings indicate that the primary site of antiemetic actions of pimozide and haloperidol is on the chemoceptive emetic trigger zone in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata. At higher doses, however, depression of the vomiting center in the reticular formation of the medulla may also contribute to their antiemetic activity. Furthermore, pimozide afforded only moderate protection against vomiting induced by morphine while haloperidol was ineffective. Both agents were ineffective against emesis induced by ouabain or acetylstrophanthiclin. Since these latter emetic agents act principally through the trigger zone, this may imply that either the affinity of these agents at the receptor site is different, or these agents act at different receptor sites within the trigger zone.     

Tropisetron: optimal dosage for children in prevention of chemotherapy-induced vomiting

The antiemetic efficacy and tolerability of Tropisetron (Navoban, Novartis Pharma Switzerland AG, Bern), a selective 5-hydroxytriptamine receptor antagonist, has been assessed in the prevention of acute vomiting in children receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors. Tropisetron iv was given 30 min before administration of chemotherapy at a dose of 5 mg in children <20 kg body weight and at a dose of 10 mg in those >20 kg. A total of 50 children were studied in 189 courses of chemotherapy. Control of emesis was defined as total in absence of acute vomiting, as major if 1 or 2 events of acute vomiting occurred, and as not controlled if >2 events of acute vomiting occurred. Response was studied, taking into account Tropisetron dosage, degree of emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents in pretreated and non-pretreated patients, and according to age groups. Tropisetron, administered in a single daily dose of 8-12 mg/m(2), was found to be very effective in completely controlling acute emesis in 92% of the courses of moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy administered to pediatric patients with solid tumors. Moreover, Tropisetron, at this dosage, did not lead to any adverse effects.     

Chronic Gastric Electrical Stimulation for Gastroparesis Reduces the Use of Prokinetic and/or Antiemetic Medications and the Need for Hospitalizations

To investigate the effect of chronic gastric electrical stimulation (GES) on the daily use of prokinetics and antiemetics, hospitalizations, total symptom score (TSS), SF-36 status for health-related quality of life (HQOL), and gastric emptying of a solid meal, we evaluated 37 gastroparetic patients preoperatively and 1 year after undergoing GES implant. Prokinetic and antiemetic use was significantly reduced. Of 27 patients on at least one prokinetic at baseline, 8 were off at 1 year. Twenty-six patients requiring antiemetics before surgery decreased to 17. Mean TSS was significantly reduced and the reduction for patients off medications was significantly better than for patients still on medications. Overall SF-36 scores for HQOL were significantly improved, and patients off antiemetics had a significantly higher HQOL score than for patients on antiemetics at 1 year. Hospitalizations decreased from 50 ± 10 days for the year prior to GES therapy to 14± 3 days (P < 0.05). However, gastric emptying was not significantly improved. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Chronic GES significantly reduced the use of prokinetic/antiemetic medications and the need for hospitalization in gastropraretic patients, whose clinical and quality of life outcomes also significantly improved (2) These data provide evidence of the positive economic impact of this new therapy on long-term clinical outcomes in gastroparetic patients not responding to standard medical therapy.This study was supported in part by Medtronic, Inc. Part of this work was presented orally at the 2002 Annual AGA/DDW Meeting in San Francisco, California.     

Prospective comparative study of the safety and effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of our study was to examine the safety and the secondary objective was to examine the effectiveness of ginger for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women who called the Motherisk Program who were taking ginger during the first trimester of pregnancy were enrolled in the study. The women were compared with a group of women who were exposed to nonteratogenic drugs that were not antiemetic medications. The women were followed up to ascertain the outcome of the pregnancy and the health of their infants. They were also asked on a scale of 0 to 10 how effective the ginger was for their symptoms of NVP. RESULTS: We were able to ascertain the outcome of 187 pregnancies. There were 181 live births, 2 stillbirths, 3 spontaneous abortions, and 1 therapeutic abortion. The mean birth weight was 3542+/-543 g, the mean gestational age was 39+/-2 weeks, and there were three major malformations. There were no statistical differences in the outcomes between the ginger group and the comparison group with the exception of more infants weighing less than 2500 g in the comparison group (12 vs 3, P < or =.001). There were a total of 66 completed effectiveness scores with the mean score of 3.3+/-2.9 SD. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ginger does not appear to increase the rates of major malformations above the baseline rate of 1% to 3% and that it has a mild effect in the treatment of NVP.     

帕洛诺司琼和恩丹西酮预防化疗诱发恶心呕吐的临床对比研究

目的:对比观察帕洛诺司琼和恩丹西酮预防化疗诱发恶心和呕吐的作用及其不良反应。方法:采用随机自身对照方法对36例接受中～高度致吐化疗药物的恶性肿瘤患者使用帕洛诺司琼进行止吐治疗,并与恩丹西酮作对照,于化疗第1个周期或第2个周期使用帕洛诺司琼止吐,同一患者于另1个周期使用恩丹西酮作自身对照。结果:帕洛诺司琼于急性呕吐期(化疗后24h内)止吐完全有效率为94.4%,恩丹西酮组为83.3%,帕洛诺司琼控制急性呕吐的疗效优于恩丹西酮,但两组比较差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。帕洛诺司琼于延迟呕吐期(化疗后d2～d5)止吐的有效率(完全有效率+部分有效率)均高于恩丹西酮,但两组差异均无统计学意义,P>0.05。帕洛诺司琼的不良反应主要为头痛和便秘,与恩丹西酮比较,两组主要不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论:帕洛诺司琼能有效预防中、高度致吐化疗药物所致的恶心和呕吐反应,对于急性和延迟性呕吐反应相比恩丹西酮有较好疗效。