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1.
《The Journal of arthroplasty》2022,37(10):1945-1950
The results of statistical tests in orthopedic studies are typically reported using P-values. If a P-value is smaller than the pre-determined level of significance (eg, < .05), the null hypothesis is rejected in support of the alternative. This automaticity in interpreting statistical results without consideration of the power of the study has been denounced over the years by statisticians, since it can potentially lead to misinterpretation of the study conclusions. In this paper, we review fundamental misconceptions and misinterpretations of P-values and power, along with their connection with confidence intervals, and we provide guidelines to orthopedic researchers for evaluating and reporting study results. We provide real-world orthopedic examples to illustrate the main concepts. Please visit the following https://youtu.be/bdPU4luYmF0 for videos that explain the highlights of the paper in practical terms. 相似文献
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When living organisms become sick as a result of a bacterial infection, a suite of brain-mediated responses occur, including fever, anorexia and sleepiness. Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a common constituent of bacterial cell walls, increases body temperature and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in animals and induces the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). PGE2 is the principal mediator of fever, and both PGE2 and PGD2 regulate sleep–wake behavior. The extent to which PGE2 and PGD2 are involved in the effect of LPS on NREM sleep remains to be clarified. Therefore, we examined LPS-induced changes in body temperature and NREM sleep in mice with nervous system-specific knockouts (KO) for the PGE2 receptors type EP3 or EP4, in mice with total body KO of microsomal PGE synthase-1 or the PGD2 receptor type DP, and in mice treated with the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor meloxicam. We observed that LPS-induced NREM sleep was slightly attenuated in mice lacking EP4 receptors in the nervous system, but was not affected in any of the other KO mice or in mice pretreated with the COX inhibitor. These results suggest that the effect of LPS on NREM sleep is partially dependent on PGs and is likely mediated mainly by other pro-inflammatory substances. In addition, our data show that the main effect of LPS on body temperature is hypothermia in the absence of nervous system EP3 receptors or in the presence of a COX inhibitor. 相似文献
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目的:探讨三维血流能量成像(3D-CPA)和彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)的临床应用价值。方法:对47例原发性肝癌的病灶进行二维、CDFI及3D-CPA的检查,比较CDFI及3D-CPA显示肿瘤瘤内或瘤周血流多普勒信号丰富程度及血管分布类型,并检测肿瘤的血流参数。结果:3D-CPA显示肿瘤血流分布丰富程度及血管分布类型与CDFI均有显著性差异(均P<0.05),CDFI均可探及肿瘤的搏动性动脉血流,其中,收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)为43~157cm/s,阻力指数(RI)为0.49~0.82,大于0.65者45例。结论:3D-CPA结合彩色多普勒血流参数的检测可作为临床评价原发性肝癌血供及血管分布的常规检查方法。 相似文献
6.
Increase in Power through Multivariate Analyses 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Power to detect genetic and environmental influences increases not only with sample size but also with the number of measurements through longitudinal and/or multivariate designs, if those measurements correlate with each other. Power simulations are presented for uni- through quadrivariate cases, with differing genetic and environmental parameters. Even though subject attrition is a problem for most longitudinal studies, the gain in power available may more than make up for this shortcoming in many situations. In terms of planning studies to examine genetic and environmental influences, power calculations should not only consider sample size but number of measurements on particular phenotypes and their intercorrelations. 相似文献
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目的:观察银杏竹鼠肌肉成分对小鼠智力体力的影响。方法:小鼠随机分为七组,通过喂饲银杏竹鼠肌肉干粉连续一个月,用小鼠低温游泳存活时间实验,耐缺氧实验及跳台和记忆获得障碍实验分别记录低温游泳存活时间,缺氧存活时间及第一次错误潜伏期和跳台错误次数。结果:各竹肉组小鼠与普通饲料(NS)组,普肉组,护宝液组比较,均可明显延长小鼠低温游泳存活时间和缺氧存活时间(P<0.05),与洋参丸组相当(P>0.05),竹肉大/超组小鼠跳台错误次数均减少(P<0.05),竹肉超组小鼠第一次错误潜伏期延长(P<0.05),竹肉大组小鼠第一次错误潜伏期有延长趋势,但无统计学意义。结论:口服银杏竹鼠肌肉成分可增强小鼠学习记忆能力,增强小鼠体质,提高小鼠生活质量。这一结果也提示银杏竹鼠肌肉成分很有可能成为极有应用前景和开发前景的保健食品。 相似文献
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TOPIC: The power relations between involuntarily hospitalized adolescents and their caregivers from the viewpoint of theory development in nursing and the concept of medicalization. PURPOSE: To contribute to the development of nursing theories that can guide nursing care of involuntarily hospitalized adolescents by examining the power relations between the adolescents and their caregivers. SOURCES: Published literature in medical sociology, and nursing and psychiatric ethics. Nursing and psychiatric literature, in which Michel Foucault's theories are used to explicate the disciplinary power of psychiatry. CONCLUSIONS: To empower involuntarily hospitalized adolescents nurses must both recognize the inevitable power imbalance and seek guidance from the egalitarian ideals of nursing. Nurses can draw from postmodern thinkers who dismiss the idea that one theory can explain human relationships. 相似文献
9.
One of the first decisions that needs to be taken when planning a birth cohort concerns the size of the study. This in turn will depend on the research questions to be answered and thence whether environmental exposures and outcomes are measured on a continuum or as dichotomous variables. Here we describe ways in which different birth cohorts have addressed this issue and explore the advantages of smaller detailed studies over larger less-detailed studies. 相似文献
10.
目的 探讨高功率微波(HPM)辐照大鼠睾丸对血睾屏障的影响。方法 雄性SD大鼠35只,随机分为7组,每组5只。6组为辐照组,1组为对照组。于辐照后2、6、12、4.8、96h和8d活杀大鼠后取双侧睾丸组织各约1mm^3,镧-醛固定液固定后制备电镜标本,在透射电镜下进行观察。结果 对照组可见硝酸镧主要沉积在曲细精管基膜部和精原细胞周围,未越过紧密连接;辐照后2-6h电镜下所见与对照组大致相同;辐照后12-96h,从基底部到管腔面的各层生精细胞之间、支持细胞内都有大量的镧颗粒沉积;辐照后8d,仍可见细胞间隙增大,部分区域靠近精子表面的镧颗粒沉积甚至比前面时间点的更为严重。结论 高功率微波辐照能够改变细胞的通透性,破坏血睾屏障的保护作用。 相似文献