肺螨类生境研究

本文叙述了肺螨类的孳生环境及其不同生境里肺螨的种群分布,并对分离出的28种螨的生境和肺螨病患者的工作环境进行了对比分析,认为螨在肺螨病患者工作环境中的分布和肺螨的生境基本上相符合,因此证实了患者的病原体是直接来源于工作环境。     

Bicycle helmet ventilation and comfort angle dependence

Five modern bicycle helmets were studied to elucidate some of the variations in ventilation performance, using both a heated manikin headform and human subjects (n=7). Wind speed and head angle were varied to test their influence on the measured steady-state heat exchange (cooling power) in the skull section of the headform. The cooling power transmitted by the helmets varied from about 60% to over 90% of that of the nude headform, illustrating the range of present manufacturer designs. Angling the head forward by 30° was found to provide better cooling power to the skull (up to 25%) for three of the helmets and almost equal cooling power in the remaining two cases. Comparisons of skull ventilation at these angles with human subjects strongly supported the headform results.     

“Smart” Materials for Biosensing Devices: Cell-Mimicking Supramolecular Assemblies and Colorimetric Detection of Pathogenic Agents

Mimicking cell membrane and the biomolecular recognition associated with membranes represents a great technical challenge, yet it has opened doors to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Our work has focused on design and synthesis of a class of smart materials exploiting biological principals for use in biosensors: these materials are functional polymeric assemblies that mimic the cell membrane and conveniently report the presence of pathogens with a color change. Biologically active cell membrane components are incorporated into conjugated polymers with desirable optical properties and the binding of the target molecules onto the material triggers conformational and electronic shifts that are reflected in a chromatic change (a so-called biochromic shift) that is conveniently observed and recorded. Langmuir–Blodgett thin films and vesicle bilayers provide ideal configurations for precise delivery of the biological binding entity to the sensing interface, and for control of molecular orientation for effective biomolecular interaction. Polydiacetylenic membrane-mimicking materials containing cell surface receptor gangliosides and sialic acid residues, respectively were formulated into these architectures and used for colorimetric detection of bacterial toxins and influenza virus. One advantage of these biochromic conjugated polymer (BCP) sensors is that their molecular recognition and signal transduction functionalities are resident in a single functional unit, making them amenable to convenient microfabrication and use.     

DC-SIGN mediates the binding of Aspergillus fumigatus and keratinophylic fungi by human dendritic cells

Human contact with fungi does not usually lead to pathological consequences, as the immune system manages to defeat the invader pathogens. Nevertheless, under immune suppression, fungi overcome immune defenses and cause diseases that range from nonserious colonizations of keratinizated tissue (Dermatophytosis) to life threatening disseminated infections (Aspergillosis). Host defenses against fungi rely on innate and adaptative responses, with dendritic cell (DC) and macrophage surface receptors having a major role in the recognition of fungal pathogens and in the orchestration of an effective immune response. DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin involved in the recognition of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, as well as in interactions between cells of the immune system. Its expression is restricted to DCs and subsets of macrophages. Here we show that DC-SIGN mediates the binding and capture of Aspergillus fumigatus and keratinophylic fungi, including Chrysosporium tropicum, by human DCs, describe the requirements of these interactions and discuss their potential involvement in the onset and persistence of pulmonary fungal infections.     

Presence of a linear plasmid-like DNA molecule in the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst.

Summary A plasmid-like molecule was detected in a strain of the ascomycete Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst., a pathogenic fungus of Populus spp. The DNA replicon, designated pFQ501, was found to have a linear structure with a length of 6.0 kb (3.9 × 10⁶ daltons) and a density of 1.685 g/cc. This molecule was found to be associated with the mitochondria and was isolated from the gel; its restriction map was deduced from single and double digestions.     

2018—2020年徐州市食源性疾病监测分析

目的 分析徐州市2018—2020年食源性疾病哨点医院主动监测结果,了解该地区食源性疾病流行特征。方法 收集2018—2020年徐州市食源性疾病哨点医院监测的病例信息,并对部分病例的粪便样本进行病原学检测。结果 3年共监测食源性疾病病例7 548例,其中25～45岁年龄组占比最高(26.81%);6—9月为发病高峰;肉与肉制品(20.72%)为主要的可疑暴露食品;可疑食物进食场所主要为家庭(80.49%);农民(26.75%)和散居儿童(24.95%)病例构成比较高。共采集1 835份腹泻病例粪便样本,其中诺如病毒检出率最高为(4.69%)。结论 徐州市食源性疾病高发期为6—9月,具有明显的季节性,好发于家庭,肉与肉制品为主要暴露食品,感染患者集中在>25～45岁年龄组,诺如病毒感染率较高。     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014—2019年尿标本细菌耐药监测报告

目的探讨全国尿标本分离细菌菌种分布及耐药变迁。方法按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案,应用WHONET5.6软件对2014—2019年所有CARSS成员单位上报的尿标本分离细菌及药敏结果数据进行分析。结果男性患者尿标本分离细菌居前5位者分别为大肠埃希菌(33.1%~34.6%)、粪肠球菌(9.2%~10.2%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.0%~9.4%)、屎肠球菌(7.8%~10.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌(5.6%~6.9%),女性患者尿标本分离细菌居前5位者分别为大肠埃希菌(57.0%~57.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(7.5%~8.3%)、屎肠球菌(6.8%~8.7%)、粪肠球菌(5.5%~6.0%)和奇异变形杆菌(3.3%~3.5%)。男性和女性患者尿标本分离粪肠球菌对氨苄西林和呋喃妥因耐药率分别<12%和7%,对万古霉素耐药率<3%;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星耐药率均为90%左右,对万古霉素耐药率<4%。大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松耐药率>47%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因耐药率≤8%,对于β-内酰胺类耐药率男性比女性高,其中头孢曲松的耐药率高12个百分点左右。男性患者分离肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢曲松耐药率为58%左右,女性患者耐药率为45%左右。男性和女性患者尿标本分离铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率均<14%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率为15%左右。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和米诺环素耐药率分别<27%和22%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率,男性为31.7%~47.7%,女性为26.5%~41.2%。结论尿标本分离细菌在不同性别构成上有所不同,且部分肠杆菌目细菌耐药率不同性别间也有一定差异,不同年度间部分细菌的耐药率也有一定变化。尿标本分离细菌的耐药监测,可为尿路感染抗菌药物合理应用提供参考数据。     

恶性血液病合并血流感染患者病原菌分布及其预后影响因素

 目的 分析恶性血液病合并血流感染患者的病原学特征及其预后影响因素。方法 选取2016年1月-2022年5月遵义医科大学附属医院血液内科的恶性血液病合并血流感染的住院患者为研究对象。根据患者发生血流感染30 d内的治疗结局分为生存组和死亡组。分析患者的病原学特征及预后情况,并采用单因素及logistic回归分析影响恶性血液病合并血流感染预后的危险因素。结果 共纳入185例患者,基础疾病以急性白血病为主(125例,67.6%)。共分离197株病原菌,革兰阴性菌109株(55.3%),其中大肠埃希菌55株(27.9%);革兰阳性菌86株(43.7%),其中人葡萄球菌24株(12.2%);真菌2株(1.0%)。大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(EBSLs)菌株28株(50.9%);肺炎克雷伯菌中产EBSLs菌株2株(10.0%);耐甲氧西林的人葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率分别为70.8%、71.4%、36.4%。单因素分析表明,年龄≥70岁、粒细胞缺乏持续时间≥7 d、未合理使用抗菌药物、合并心功能不全、合并急性肾功能不全、感染性休克、肺部感染患者的30天病死率较高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析表明,粒细胞缺乏持续时间≥7 d[OR=3.306,95%CI(1.224~8.927)]、合并心功能不全[OR=6.291,95%CI(1.930~20.508)]、合并急性肾功能不全[OR=8.419,95%CI(2.198~32.241)]、感染性休克[OR=22.150,95%CI(3.639~134.806)]均为恶性血液病合并血流感染患者30天内死亡的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论 恶性血液病合并血流感染最常见的病原菌中,革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性菌以人葡萄球菌为主。影响恶性血液病合并血流感染患者预后的危险因素较多,缩短粒细胞缺乏持续时间,改善心功能不全、肾功能不全,积极控制感染性休克是减少恶性血液病合并血流感染患者30天内死亡的有效措施。     

2016—2019 年天津市河北区流行性感冒监测分析

目的 了解 2016—2019年天津市河北区流感流行特征,为有效防控流感提供相应科学依据。方法 对 2016—2019年天津市河北区流感样病例(Influenza-likecases,ILI)监测资料、病原学监测数据及暴发疫情信息进行分析。结果 2016—2019 年共采集IL咽拭子标本 2 962份,流感病毒核酸检测阳性标本为 715份,阳性率为 24.14%;2016—2019年共报告流感样病例暴发疫情 10起,均发生在中小学校。2016—2019 年天津市河北区流感样病例百分比 (IL%)在每年 11 月—次年 2 月出现一个高峰,呈现明显的季节性特征;2016—2019 年流感病原监测结果显示,天津市河北区流行毒株以甲型 H3N2 型和甲型 H1N1型交替出现为主,2017 年甲型与乙型 Yamagata 系混合流行,2019 年甲型 H3N2 型呈优势毒株。结论 2016—2019 年天津市河北区流感病毒以甲型 H3N2 型和甲型 H1N1 型为主,每年的流行毒株各不相同,呈交替或混合流行。应加强监测和流感防控并提高重点人群流感疫苗接种率。     

对《金匮要略》“邪气”概念的剖析

对《金匮要略》中有关“邪气”的各种名称,结合所在语言环境从文理和医理两个角度进行了分析,试图明确这些名称的概念,以澄清对《金匮》有关“邪气”概念的混淆。