The influence of environmental and health indicators on premature mortality: An empirical analysis of the City of Toronto's 140 neighborhoods

The objective of this paper was to assess the link between premature mortality and a combination of neighbourhood contextual (environmental and health) and compositional (socioeconomic and demographic) characteristics. We statistically and spatially examined six environmental variables (ultrafine particles, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic pollutants, pollution released to air, tree cover, and walkability index), six health service indicators (number health providers, breast, colorectal and cervical cancer screening uptake rates, student nutrition program uptake rates, and healthy food index), and eight socioeconomic indicators (total income, Gini coefficient, two age categories – below and above 40 years, proportion of females to males, visible minorities, Indigenous peoples, education, less than grade 9) among 140 neighbourhoods of the City of Toronto in Ontario (Canada). We applied principal component analysis to identify patterns and to reduce the number of explanatory variables into combined component axes that represent unique variation in these confounded and overlapping factors. We then applied regression analysis to model the relationship between the indices of enviro-health and socioeconomics and their potential relationship with premature mortality. Residual spatial analysis was used to investigate any remaining spatial structure (such as neighbourhoods with higher residual premature mortality rates). Neighbourhood Equity Index was correlated with our enviro-health and socioeconomic indices. Premature mortality within neighbourhoods was predicted by poor cancer screenings, pollution, lack of tree canopy, increased uptake of student nutrition programs and high walkability index. A negative association between premature mortality and pollution was associated low walkability index and presence of visible minorities within neighbourhoods. There was some unexplained residual spatial variation in our model of premature mortality - especially along the shores of Lake Ontario and in neighbourhoods with major highways or road corridors: premature mortality in Toronto neighbourhoods was higher than expected along highway-corridor neighbourhoods and shorelines. Our analysis revealed a significant relationship between neighbourhood contextual features – both environmental and health – and premature mortality, suggesting that these contextual components of neighbourhoods can predict rates of urban premature mortality in Toronto.     

树型金银花无公害优质加工技术的研究

目的探讨树型金银花无公害优质加工技术。方法采用树型金银花晾晒和烘烤以及"烤房3段变温烘烤技术"。结果烘干产品比晒干产品具有明显的质量和价格优势,价格高57.1%。烤房3段变温技术第1段烘干温度控制在35～40℃,烘8～9h;第2段将温度提高到50～55℃左右,烘烤6～8h;第3段温度升到60～70℃,烘烤5～6h左右;烘干总时间不超过24h。结论无公害优质加工技术利于规模化生产,获得无公害的绿色产品,增加金银花附加值。     

中药药性量化方法对补虚药功效归类预测的研究

目的对中药药性依其重要性进行更深层次的多值量化分析,将比定性的文字表述和简单的二值量化表示更有意义.方法以补虚药为研究对象,药性为基本特征,在对其进行二值量化和多值量化的基础上,采用应用人工神经网络和决策树等数据库知识发现技术,进行对补虚药功效归类判别结果的影响研究.结论结果表明药性的不同量化方法对补虚药的功效归类预测有一定影响,多值量化比二值量化具有更为理想的判别结果.     

脑缺血时皮层扩布性抑制与心功能障碍

目的 :研究树 鼠句脑缺血时单胺氧化酶 (MAO)活化在脑缺血时心功能障碍以及扩布性抑制中的可能作用。方法 :采用光化学法诱导树 鼠句血栓性脑缺血 ,测定缺血区及血清MAO活性、多巴胺及去甲肾上腺素 (NA)水平 ,经电镜观察脑及肾上腺的超微结构。记录仪检测心率(HR)、左室收缩压峰值 (LVSP) ,左室瞬间收缩与舒张最大速率 (±dp/dtmax) ,左室舒张末期压力 (LVEDP) ,平均动脉压 (MAP)。结果 :树鼠句脑缺血过程中血清NA先升高 (由 11.60± 0 .73ng/ml升高至18.46± 0 .3 9ng/ml,P <0 .0 1) ,72h后降至 8.3 2± 1.86ng/ml;血清MAO活性逐渐升高 ,达 2 10 .1± 2 6.67U/ml(P <0 .0 1) ,72h降低至对照水平 ;心功能指标 (±dp/dtmax,LVSP ) ,尤其是HR明显降低 ,由3 17.0± 98.0 1beat/min降至 2 3 7.4± 3 1.90beat/min(P <0 .0 1) ,于2 4h恢复至对照水平。结论 :血栓性脑缺血时血清NA水平明显取决于MAO活性的变化 ,后者对脑缺血时心脏舒缩功能可能具有调节作用。     

树鼩脑干儿茶酚胺神经元的分布

应用FAGLU荧光组化技术观察了树鼩脑干儿茶酚胺神经元(简称CA神经元)的位置分布及其形态特征。结果表明,CA神经元主要分布于下列核区:延髓的腹外侧网状核(LRN),孤束核(Sol);脑桥的面神经核(nVll).脑桥尾侧网状校(PnC),第四脑室顶外侧壁,蓝斑(Lc),脑桥头端与中脑尾端移行部的中缝背核(DR)、中央上核(cs),腹外侧臂旁核(VLPB)、中央灰质腹侧(Vcg);中脑的黑质(SN)、和腹侧被盖区(VTA)。     

Reciprocal heterotopic callosal connections between the two striate areas in Tupaia

Summary WGA-HRP injections were placed into area 17 close to the border with area 18 of Tupaia belangeri in order to study the callosal connections of the striate area in this animal. Most callosal neurons were found in the striate cortex (57.6–86.9%), some in the extrastriate area 18 (10.6–28.1%), and a few in even more temporal regions (2.5–14.3%). Concerning only the area 17, reciprocal homotopic connections could be observed as a strip along the area 17/18 border. Additionally, heterotopic callosal connections could be seen in regions representing the binocular visual field, especially the lower part. The area 17 cells were mostly located in the supragranular layers II and III (94.1–97.2%). But neurons could also be found in the infragranular layers, especially layer VI (2.6–5.2%) and in layer IV (0.2–1.1%). Homotopic projections were mostly seen in layers IIIc and V. The majority of the supragranular and infragranular neurons are pyramidal cells. However, a newly defined subpopulation of neurons, most probably stellate cells, were discovered forming a band in sublayer IIIc, very close to the layer III/IV border.     

树鼩胆固醇酯转运蛋白的cDNA和蛋白质结构分析

目的　获得不易感动脉粥样硬化动物树胆固醇酯转运蛋白 (CETP)的cDNA和蛋白质序列 ,分析其结构特点 ,寻找其可能的抗动脉粥样硬化分子机制。方法　以从树肝脏mRNA反转录获得的cDNA一链为模板 ,应用SMART RACE技术 ,获得了树CETP的cDNA序列 ,并推导出其蛋白质氨基酸序列 ,应用分子生物学软件对该蛋白的一级、二级结构进行分析和比较。结果　获得的树CETPcDNA(在GenBank中的注册号为AF334 0 33)长 16 36bp ,编码 485个氨基酸 ,其成熟蛋白由 477个氨基酸组成 ,比人多一个氨基酸 (Gly318) ,该蛋白与人、家兔的同源性分别为 88%和 82 %。序列中与CETP结合和转运中性脂质功能相关的区域均非常保守 ,但在Asn34 2位的N 糖基化位点缺失 ,可能使其转运胆固醇酯的活性增加 ,利于外周组织和血浆中的胆固醇及其酯的清除。通过对不同种属蛋白序列的比较 ,初步分析了树CETP蛋白与功能相关的结构特点。结论　树CETP糖基化的特点有可能是该动物对动脉粥样硬化具有不易感性的分子机理之一     

酸蒸馏—碘滴定法测定金银花中二氧化硫残留量

目的建立酸蒸馏—碘滴定法测定金银花中二氧化硫残留量的方法。方法以金银花为样品,采用酸蒸馏-碘滴定法检测。结果二氧化硫平均回收率为85.82%,RSD为1.04%。结论本方法简便、快速,结果准确,可用于金银花中二氧化硫残留量的检测。     

银翘散主要活性成分对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠治疗作用的研究

目的:观察银翘散主要活性成分对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠的治疗作用.方法:昆明种小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、中药组和病毒唑组,每组10只,采用鼻腔接种甲型流感病毒FM1株诱导幼龄小鼠肺炎,于感染前1 d,中药组灌服中药提取物,病毒唑组腹腔注射病毒唑注射液,正常组和模型组以等体积的生理盐水灌胃.观察各组小鼠的一般状态、肺组织形态学,各组小鼠感染5 d后处死,对肺指数及IV-RNA表达进行统计学分析.结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠肺指数显著增加,2组比较差异有高度统计意义(P<0.01);给药后中药组和病毒唑组小鼠肺指数显著下降,与模型组比较,P<0.01.但中药组与病毒唑组之间差异无统计意义(P>0.05).正常组肺组织未检测到IV-RNA,模型组检测到大量的IV-RNA,2组比较差异有高度统计意义(P<0.01);中药组和病毒唑组IV-RNA水平均低于模型组,差异有高度统计意义(P<0.01);但中药组与病毒唑组之间差异无统计意义(P>0.05).结论:银翘散主要活性成分对小鼠流感病毒性肺炎有较好的治疗作用.     

红树林共生真菌Paecilomyces sp.Tree 1-7代谢产物的研究

用硅胶柱色谱及重结晶等方法,并根据理化性质和光谱数据从一株红树林共生真菌Paecilomycessp.Tree 1-7中分离鉴定了四个化合物,分别为secalon ic ac id A(1),tenellic ac id A(2),大黄素(3),大黄酚(4)。并首次对化合物1和2进行了抗人的肝癌细胞hepG2的活性测试。结果显示,化合物1有很强的抗肿瘤活性,IC50=2.0μg/m l,化合物2的抗肿瘤活性IC50=62.1μg/m l。