English obesity policies: To govern and not to govern

Problem definitions constitute a crucial part of the policy process. In 2008 the Labour Government presented a plan to reduce the obesity prevalence in England. Only three years later the Conservative–Liberal Government introduced a plan on the same topic, which it presented as new and innovative. The aim of this study is to analyse the respective governments’ problematisations of obesity and to identify similarities and differences. Despite the different hues of the two governments, the programmes are surprisingly similar. They seek to simultaneously govern and not to govern. They adhere to liberal ideals of individual choice and they also suggest initiatives that will lead people to choose certain behaviours. Both governments encourage the food and drink industry to support their policies voluntarily, rather than obliging them to do so, although Labour is somewhat more inclined to use statutory measures. The Conservative–Liberal plan does not represent many new ideas. The plans are characterised by the paradox that they convey both ideas and ideals about freedom of choice as well as about state interventions to influence people's choices, which could be seen as incompatible, but as the study shows in practice they are not.     

Don’t Let an Opportunity Go by: Validation of the EIGHT Gambling Screen

The EIGHT Screen is a brief problem gambling screen originally designed for use by family doctors. Its wider use indicated the need for further validation. A triangulated approach used a range of measures in different settings in both the current study and findings from a number of earlier projects, and reviewed current use. The EIGHT Screen had acceptable correlations with the SOGS (r = 74–90%) and with the NODS-12 months Screen (r = 62.4%). Measurements remained relatively constant amongst a range of cultures, settings, age and gender, while few false positives were produced by the screen. The EIGHT Screen appears to be a valid tool for untrained users to identify Level 2 and 3 problem gambling in a wide range of cultures and settings.     

Group Similarities in Beliefs Concerning the Causes of Alcohol Problems and the Effectiveness of Means of Overcoming Problem Alcohol Use

Four hundred and eight respondents, who did or did not know persons close to themselves with alcohol problems, from four different racial/ethnic groups (with one group, Filipinos, categorized in terms of whether they were born in the Philippines or in the US.) rated the importance of 19 different causes of problem alcohol use and 22 different means of overcoming problem alcohol use. Rank-order correlations across sexes, persons differing in exposure to problem drinkers, and ethnic groups were nearly all in the 0.90's regarding causation. Correlations of Caucasians' ratings with those of other groups were high, but only in the 0.60's and 0.70'9, chiefly because Caucasians were more prone to regard problem alcohol use as hereditary and as a disease, and less likely to believe problem use to result from social factors. All across-group correlations concerning beliefs about the effectiveness of means of overcoming problems were in the 0.90's. Some of the means of treatment regarded most highly by all groups have not been demonstrated to be effective.     

Eyeblinking During Problem Solving: The Effect of Problem Difficulty and Internally vs Externally Directed Attention

This study examined the eyeblink rate during non-visual problem solving. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design compared eyeblink rates for easy and difficult problems, internally and externally directed attention, and numerical and alphabetical tasks. The major finding was a higher eyeblink rate for difficult problems. There was also a significant interaction between difficulty and the direction of attention; internally directed attention yielded higher blink rates only during the solution of easy problems. Range-corrected data yielded the same pattern of results, but F-values were consistently higher and accounted for a larger proportion of the variance.     

降低重症患者人工气道湿化不足发生率

目的降低重症患者人工气道湿化不足发生率。方法开展品管圈活动,通过医护双方合作,优化气道管理团队,完善人工气道湿化评估方案,改良气道湿化装置,增加气道湿化途径,实行复合序贯式湿化-排痰护理管理模式等,实现了气道湿化、辅助排痰、气道廓清一体化。结果重症患者人工气道湿化不足发生率从28.57%降低至11.26%,目标达标率为100.58%,进步率为60.59%。结论通过开展品管圈活动,规范了重症患者人工气道湿化方案,降低了气道相关并发症发生率,有效改善了患者治疗结局,提升了医疗质量。     

降低终末期肾病患者动静脉内瘘成熟不良率

目的降低终末期肾病患者动静脉内瘘成熟不良率。方法成立品管圈圈组,通过现状调查、原因解析明确问题真因,从制定动静脉内瘘院前指导规范,建立多学科协作模式;实施“VAP”评估模式,制定围手术期标准化管理流程;构建“互联网 +”智能宣教模式,优化院外延伸服务三方面进行改进。结果终末期肾病患者动静脉内瘘成熟不良率由10.6%降低至3.3%。结论开展品管圈活动降低了终末期肾病患者动静脉内瘘成熟不良率。     

新生儿临床护理带教的问题及应对建议分析

目的探讨新生儿临床护理带教的问题及应对建议。方法选取2019级临床护理专业1班、2班各50名护生为研究对象,对照组实施教学,就常规教学中存在的问题进行分析改进,实验组实施改进后带教方法,评价两组护生学习成绩,及其对带教的认同度。结果实验组护生学习成绩显著优于对照组(P<0.05),且实验组护生对带教方法评价显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在新生儿临床护理带教中存在的问题主要为理论教学应用不够,实践体系建设不完善,为此应该改善传统教学形式,转变教学思维,从而提高临床护理带教能力。     

值班和交接班制度问题分析与改进建议

值班和交接班制度是诊疗过程连续性的重要保障。若落实不到位,可能发生患者伤害的不良后果。采用案例分析结合问卷调查方式,阐述值班和交接班制度存在问题,包括值班人员不在岗,值班人员资质不符,医院总值班能力不足,交接班记录不完整等。提出针对性改进建议:加强医务人员依法执业培训;严格管理值班医师资质;健全医疗值班体系;规范记录交接班内容等。     

某院“一院多区”管理问题分析及对策探析

医院“一院多区”运营存在问题主要集中在学科布局不合理、人力资源配置及管理模式不科学、同质化不够、运营成本过高、绩效分配不平衡等。针对以上问题,结合医院整体发展实际,从科学设置学科、强化人力资源管理、完善管理机构设置、推进一体化管理、加强成本控制等方面入手,取得显著效果。改革后,院区诊疗人数、经济收入等指标均有明显提高（P<0.05）。认为“一院多区”医院要将新老院区作为整体进行科学统筹,确保一体化和同质化,注重学科长远发展,进而形成科学、合理、可持续的“一院多区”管理模式。     

降低腹部 Ⅱ 类切口感染发生率

目的降低腹部Ⅱ类切口感染发生率,确保患者安全。方法选定“降低腹部Ⅱ类切口感染发生率”为主题,开展品管圈活动。结果改善后,腹部Ⅱ类切口感染发生率由14.29%降至5.95%;形成了包括3 L静脉营养专用输液架使用方式等8项标准化作业书。结论品管圈活动开展降低了腹部Ⅱ类切口感染发生率,规范了操作流程,节约了患者费用,提高了圈员解决问题能力,增强了团队凝聚力。