Reduction in Virulence over Time in Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) Microvariants between 2011 and 2015 in Australia

Microvariant genotypes of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) are associated with mass mortality events of Pacific oysters in many countries. The OsHV-1 microvariant (µVar) emerged in France 2008 and caused significant economic losses as it became endemic and displaced the previously dominant OsHV-1 reference genotype. Recently, considerable genotypic variation has been described for OsHV-1 microvariants, however, less is known about variation in viral phenotype. This study used an in vivo laboratory infection model to assess differences in total cumulative mortality, peak viral load, transmissibility, and dose-response for three OsHV-1 isolates obtained between 2011 and 2015 from endemic waterways in Australia. This followed field observations of apparent reductions in the severity of mass mortalities over this time. Significantly higher hazard of death and cumulative mortality were observed for an isolate obtained in 2011 compared to isolates from 2014–2015. In keeping with other studies, the hazard of death was higher in oysters challenged by injection compared to challenge by cohabitation and the mortality was higher when the initial dose was 1 × 10⁴ OsHV-1 DNA copies per oyster injection compared to 1 × 10² DNA copies. There was no difference in the quantity of OsHV-1 DNA at time of death that could be related to isolate or dose, suggesting similar pathogenetic processes in the individual oysters that succumbed to end-stage disease. While the isolates examined in this study were biased towards pathogenic types of OsHV-1, as they were collected during disease outbreaks, the variation in virulence that was observed, when combined with prior data on subclinical infections, suggests that surveillance for low virulence genotypes of OsHV-1 would be rewarding. This may lead to new approaches to disease management which utilize controlled exposure to attenuated strains of OsHV-1.     

粗江蓠多糖对辐射损伤小鼠NK细胞的影响

目的：研究粗江蓠多糖（Gracilaria Gigas Harvey Polysaccharides,GHPS）对辐射损伤小鼠NK细胞的影响。方法：采用60Coγ射线5Gy全身照射小鼠制造辐射损伤模型,通过乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测不同剂量（10mg/kg,20mg/kg,40mg/kg）的GHPS对辐射损伤小鼠NK细胞杀伤靶细胞能力的影响。结果：辐射对照组小鼠接受60Coγ射线5Gy照射后,NK细胞的活性显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）。经腹腔注射（10、20、40）mg/kg GHPS,再接受γ射线5Gy照射后,小鼠NK细胞活性明显高于辐射对照组（P〈0.01）,并有剂量依赖性。结论：5Gyγ射线可以抑制小鼠NK细胞杀伤靶细胞的活性,而GHPS对辐射损伤小鼠的NK细胞有保护作用。     

江苏兴化牡蛎的鉴別研究

本文通过对江苏兴化古生物牡蛎介壳与福建牡蛎介壳的超微结构,红外光谱、梅根反应的分析对比,可看出古生物牡蛎其组织结构并未发出质的衍变,均为方解石(calcite)。     

Interactions between Filter-Feeding Bivalves and Toxic Diatoms: Influence on the Feeding Behavior of Crassostrea gigas and Pecten maximus and on Toxin Production by Pseudo-nitzschia

Among Pseudo-nitzschia species, some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a source of serious health problems for marine organisms. Filter-feeding organisms—e.g., bivalves feeding on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.—are the main vector of DA in humans. However, little is known about the interactions between bivalves and Pseudo-nitzschia. In this study, we examined the interactions between two juvenile bivalve species—oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Pecten maximus)—and two toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species—P. australis and P. fraudulenta. We characterized the influence of (1) diet composition and the Pseudo-nitzschia DA content on the feeding rates of oysters and scallops, and (2) the presence of bivalves on Pseudo-nitzschia toxin production. Both bivalve species fed on P. australis and P. fraudulenta. However, they preferentially filtered the non-toxic Isochrysis galbana compared to Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of the most toxic P. australis species resulted in a decreased clearance rate in C. gigas. The two bivalve species accumulated DA in their tissues (up to 0.35 × 10⁻³ and 5.1 × 10⁻³ µg g⁻¹ for C. gigas and P. maximus, respectively). Most importantly, the presence of bivalves induced an increase in the cellular DA contents of both Pseudo-nitzschia species (up to 58-fold in P. fraudulenta in the presence of C. gigas). This is the first evidence of DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia species stimulated in the presence of filter-feeding bivalves. The results of this study highlight complex interactions that can influence toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia and accumulation in bivalves. These results will help to better understand the biotic factors that drive DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia and bivalve contamination during Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.     

The effect of herbal extract (EstroG-100) on pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study

This clinical research study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new herbal product, EstroG-100, containing a mixture of standardized extracts of Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa and Angelica gigas, on menopausal symptoms. This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed for 12 weeks with 64 pre-, peri- and postmenopausal White Hispanic, White non-Hispanic and African American women who were randomly allocated to either the EstroG-100 group (n = 31) or the placebo group (n = 3). Primary end-points were the mean change in scores of the Kupperman menopause index (KMI) that evaluates 11 symptoms, and the mean change in scores of vaginal dryness. The mean KMI score was significantly reduced in the EstroG-100 group from 29.5 ± 7.4 at baseline to 11.3 ± 5.8 (p < 0.01) compared with change of the placebo group (29.2 ± 6.6 at baseline vs 23.7 ± 7.7 at week 12). The constituting symptoms of vasomotor, paresthesia, insomnia, nervousness, melancholia, vertigo, fatigue and rheumatic pain were significantly improved in the EstroG-100 group in comparison with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Statistically significant improvement in vaginal dryness in the EstroG-100 group was also observed compared with that of the placebo group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EstroG-100 significantly improved the menopausal symptoms of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women without weight gain or any serious side effects.     

福建省首例人体广州管圆线虫病疫源地的调查研究

目的以福建省首例人体广州管圆线虫病病例为线索进行本病的疫源地调查研究。方法1.捕捉患者发病前半生吃大瓶螺处的贝类及蛞蝓,检查广州管圆线虫幼虫;2.捕捉当地鼠检查广州管圆线虫;注意鼠粪中的广州管圆线虫幼虫并与粪类圆线虫等相鉴别;3.以发现的广州管圆线虫第3期幼虫感染实验大白鼠。结果 1.捕捉大瓶螺238只,检查124只,有广州管圆线虫幼虫者52只,感染率为41.94％,计数5只螺内幼虫,共发现13381条,其中最多者为8754条。检查蛞蝓3只,发现幼虫1条。2.检查褐家鼠2只,发现福氏类圆线虫幼虫1只。3.以发现的广州管圆线虫幼虫感染2只大白鼠,40天后在粪便中查出幼虫,42天后解剖,在肺与心脏检及雌、雄成虫66条及大量幼虫、虫卵。结论患者家乡——福建省闽侯县甘蔗镇三英村为广州管圆线虫病疫源地。     

新会、开平、鹤山三地福寿螺广州管圆线虫感染情况调查

[目的]了解江门市所属新会区、开平市、鹤山市福寿螺广州管圆线虫感染情况。[方法]2008年8月下旬,使用消化法对从上述地点采集的福寿螺进行检查;并用从螺体中分离的幼虫感染大鼠。[结果]检查福寿螺819只,广州管圆线虫的感染率为8．06％;阳性螺平均感染度为8．86条／螺。新会区、鹤山市、开平市福寿螺的感染率分别为11．04％、9．82％和3．48％（P〈0．01）。从感染的实验大鼠中均分离到广州管圆线虫成虫。[结论]新会区、开平市和鹤山市福寿螺均存在广州管圆线虫的感染。     

牡蛎活性肽的制备及其理化性质的初步研究

目的从牡蛎蛋白质的酶解物中分离制备活性肽并对其理化性质进行初步研究。方法采用胰蛋白酶对牡蛎蛋白质进行酶解,使其释放出具备特殊活性的活性肽,将含有活性肽的粗提物分别用Sephadex G25凝胶柱层析,DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换柱层析和C18反相柱进行分离和纯化。结果牡蛎活性肽粗提物经过分离纯化制备出3个组分F31,F32,F41。组分F32,F41的等电点分别是7.12和7.08;组分F31,F32,F41的相对分子质量分别为885,810及409;其蛋白含量分别为51.9%,80.2%及99.8%;其糖含量分别为19.2%,4.3%及0%。结论以胰蛋白酶作用的最佳条件采用一步酶解的工艺,牡蛎蛋白质可以得到良好的酶解,同时得到的牡蛎活性肽粗提物活性较高。     

牡蛎中糖蛋白成分的分离纯化与理化性质的初步分析

目的 从牡蛎蛋白质中分离糖蛋白并对其理化性质进行初步研究.方法 以青岛牡蛎为原料,通过低温水提取工艺得到牡蛎糖蛋白粗提物,用凝胶柱层析(Sephacryl s-100 HR)进行纯化,最后用高效液相色谱制备得到3个组分F22,F33,F42.结果 理化性质的研究表明组分F22等电点分别是5.5.其相对分子质量为34230Da,F22,F33,F42的蛋白含量分别为34.1%、19.7%及12.5%,其糖含量分另q为35.9%、28.8%及40%.结论 本研究将为牡蛎中活性物质的研究提供参考.     

广东省阳春市褐云玛瑙螺和福寿螺广州管圆线虫感染的调查

目的 了解广东省阳春市褐云玛瑙螺和福寿螺广州管圆线虫的感染情况.方法 在阳春当地采集野生的褐云玛瑙螺和福寿螺,在实验室用人工胃液消化法检查其中的广州管圆线虫幼虫并记数.用检获的幼虫感染实验小鼠.结果 共检查褐云玛瑙螺350只,福寿螺465只,广州管圆线虫第3期幼虫的阳性率分别为7.71%和0.86%;感染度分别为1～312和1～4.从上述感染的实验小鼠中检获到广州管圆线虫第4期幼虫,且其血清特异性IgM均为阳性.结论 阳春是广州管圆线虫的自然疫源地,该虫中间宿主以褐云玛瑙螺感染较严重.