The Dangerous Middle: Situational Awareness and Worker Perception of Beetle Kill

ABSTRACT

Forest workers, including loggers, foresters, and wildland firefighters, are regularly exposed to some of the most fatal occupational environments in the United States. These hazardous work environments may become even more complex and dynamic when subject to bark beetle outbreaks that have resulted in significant tree mortality. The impacts of tree death from bark beetles are significant, with the cumulative 17-year (2000–2016) footprint for bark beetle caused tree mortality estimated at 54 million acres. However, how workers think about and act in these environments is understudied. This study, therefore, approaches the issue of beetle kill and forest worker safety by examining the perspectives or workers themselves. Its contribution is to leverage ethnographic research to provide insights that can generate new research questions, better inform outreach, and ultimately improve worker safety outcomes. The resulting insights show that beetle kill was understood by workers as a hazard that increased the complexity and dynamism of the work environment, making situational awareness both more necessary and more difficult to maintain. While much research about situational awareness focuses on hazardous situations, it is suggested that building adequate situational awareness should also include broader considerations of organizational communication, as well as training and experience considered over the course of entire careers.     

Lead poisoning in precious metals refinery assayers: A failure to notify workers at high risk

Lead poisoning in a precious metals refinery fire assayer and a routine OSHA inspection prompted an investigation of the index facility, a survey of the industry, and efforts to notify assayers of this previously unrecognized hazard. Air and blood samples were obtained at the index facility. Management personnel from all fire assay laboratories in Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts were interviewed. The industry's trade association, OSHA, NIOSH, trade unions, and the media were asked to assist in a nationwide notification effort. Assayers at the index facility had excessive exposures to lead due to an age-old, lead-based assaying method that remains the industry gold standard. Blood lead levels of the three assayers (mean 61.3 μ/dl, range 48–86 μg/dl) were considerably higher than those of 16 other refinery workers (mean 27.4 μg/dl, range 13–49 μg/dl). The industry survey revealed inadequate knowledge of both the lead hazard and the applicability of the OSHA lead standard. Notification efforts failed in large part due to economic obstacles. The notification of workers at high risk of lead exposure and the eradication of occupational lead poisoning will require greater attention to economic forces. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

火针刺血疗法的临床应用心得

目的:探讨火针刺血疗法在临床的应用价值。方法:对实践经验和临床资料进行分析。结果:火针刺血疗法疗效快无不良反应。结论:火针刺血疗法对寒凝血瘀证疗效较好。     

Fire in the operating theatre. Evacuation pre–planning may save lives

An operating theatre fire and the steps taken to deal with it are described; the difficulties encountered in evacuating anaesthetised patients are highlighted. Measures which might be taken to prevent recurrence of these problems, and recommendations on the institution of fire drills for the safety of patients and staff are given.     

从热、虚、瘀辨证论治小儿过敏性紫癜

从热、虚、瘀三个方面论述了小儿过敏性紫癜的病因病机特点，抓住病因病机的核心，确定了热伤血络、阴虚火旺、气不摄血三个本证证型和风热、热毒、湿热、血瘀四个标证证型。采用本证和标证相结合的方法对小儿过敏性紫癜进行辨证论治，并从理论上探讨了该方法的科学性和实用性。     

In vivo and in vitro comparison of fire ant venom and fire ant whole body extract

Thirty-four patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to the sting of the imported fire ant were evaluated in a study designed to compare the diagnostic usefulness of fire ant whole body extract (WBE) preparations with that of fire ant venom (IFAV). Ninety-one percent ($\text{31}\text{34}$) of the hypersensitive patients skin tested with IFAV at a maximal concentration of 1:5 × 10³, $\text{v}\text{v}$, demonstrated a wheat equal to or greater than the histamine control. Fifty-three percent ($\text{18}\text{34}$) of the group were skin test positive to a WBE preparation. When the criteria for a positive skin test were relaxed, 82% of the hypersensitive group could be identified with the IFAWBE. A comparison of skin test results in sensitive patients revealed variability in the sensitivity of the WBE preparations utilized in the study. Leukocyte histamine release demonstrated a dose-response release of histamine with both IFAV and SIWBEa preparations. Specific venom antisera produced in rabbits identified a precipitin line of common identity in a gel-diffusion system containing IFAWBE and IFAV. This finding was verified by the competitive inhibition of IFAWBE with IFAV in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay system. Fire ant WBEs contain venom constituents and are effective diagnostic agents in up to 82% of patients with hypersensitivity to the sting of the imported fire ant. Marked variability in the responsiveness of sensitive patients to different WBE preparations mandates standardization of these diagnostic preparations.     

基于“阴火”理论探讨内皮细胞代谢重塑与肿瘤血管化关系及中医药干预思考

血管内壁的内皮细胞借助调节血管稳态、血管张力、细胞黏附、细胞增殖、凝血抗性、炎症因子等来响应机体的物理和化学信号,进而维持血管处于衡动稳定的状态。血管生成是肿瘤发生发展所需的关键条件,肿瘤血管化的病理模式为瘤体生长提供所需的营养和氧气,以促进其增殖。近年来,内皮细胞参与肿瘤血管渗入,驱动血管生成被认为是促进肿瘤转移的关键环节。血管内皮细胞可通过调控代谢重塑以满足肿瘤血管化过程中对物质和能量的需要,其异常的代谢特征使得其能更好地适应肿瘤微环境的变化,这种代谢的改变常被看作是肿瘤血管化进程的重要基础。中医“阴火”理论源自《黄帝内经》,原指“阴虚生内热”,属内伤之火范畴,后经历代医家推演变化,逐步形成“脾胃气虚-阴火上乘-气火失调”的病机认识。内皮细胞代谢重塑的发病过程是“阴火”病理表征的客观体现,而阴火造化生息、燔灼妄动之性又与肿瘤新生血管增生无制、亢变为害的疾病状态相吻合。脾胃亏虚与气机失衡的改变可致水谷精微不得布散,发生代谢障碍,停久为痰为瘀,与血脉相搏结,致使局部环境异化（肿瘤微环境形成）、脉道不利（内皮细胞代谢失衡）,异变形成肿瘤新生血管。在“阴火”证候要素指导下,围绕气与火的相关性,运用“扶正调气”的治法遣方用药,可调节内皮细胞代谢功能,达到机体相对平衡状态,进而抑制肿瘤血管新生。基于以上认识,该文围绕内皮细胞代谢重塑与阴火相关理论,阐发学术微旨,以期为中医药干预肿瘤血管化进程提供一定的理论支持。     

基于中医药整合药理学和转录组学探究丹栀逍遥散防治焦虑肝郁化火证的作用机制

目的 基于中医药整合药理学和转录组学探究丹栀逍遥散防治焦虑肝郁化火证的作用机制。方法 采用中医药整合药理学研究平台v2.0,检索并获取丹栀逍遥散的活性成分及靶标、焦虑肝郁化火证靶标信息,构建中药-成分-靶点-通路网络。将交集基因导入String数据库,构建交集靶点的蛋白互作网络,以确定最终需要验证的靶标。利用GEO数据库转录组学验证整合网络药理学结果,同时采用动物实验进行验证。结果 共筛选出与焦虑肝郁化火证相关的靶标13个,丹栀逍遥散活性成分430种。整合药理学结果显示,丹栀逍遥散防治焦虑肝郁化火证主要通过调控α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异噁唑丙酸受体（α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor,AMPAR）、蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA）受体的激活及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,...     

入侵红火蚁对我国生态环境的威胁及防制措施

入侵红火蚁入侵我国之后,可能会给我国生态环境带来极大的危害。其不断蔓延有可能成为我国农业生态和人民财产健康的威胁。本文主要介绍了红火蚁在全球生物入侵的基本情况,根据东西半球生物类型逐渐趋同的原理,借鉴美国等国家的经验,分析了红火蚁对生态环境的威胁,以及红火蚁的防制措施等相关国内外的研究。     

火灾伤害与社会经济因素相关分析

目的 探讨社会经济因素对火灾伤害的影响，为预防和控制火灾伤害提供理论依据。方法 联合应用Pearson相关分析、因子分析和逐步回归分析等方法，对我国火灾频数与社会经济因素的关系进行分析。结果火灾发生数与社会经济因素中的各地区年平均人口数、城市个数、国内生产总值（GDP）、个体和私营企业数、个体和私营企业从业人数、居民年均生活消费支出均呈正相关，提示人口数和城市数越多，经济越发达。生产经营越活跃的地区火灾形势越严重。其中偏回归系数最高的是个体和私营企业数及其从业人数，提示个体和私营企业以及其从业人员是火灾发生的重要危险因子。结论 我国火灾形势随着社会经济的发展趋于严重，个体和私营企业以及其从业人员是火灾发生的重要危险因子，加强个体和私营企业及其从业人员的消防安全意识可以减少火灾伤害的发生。