Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences do not support the species status of Ampelomyces quisqualis, a hyperparasite of powdery mildew fungi

Phylogenetic relationships among Ampelomyces isolates, pycnidial hyperparasites and biological control agents of powdery mildews, were inferred from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Currently, these hyperparasites are considered to be a single species, A. quisqualis, despite observed morphological and cultural differences. Ten Ampelomyces isolates, representing seven previously defined ITS RFLP groups, were sequenced and analyzed. Sequence-divergence values among isolates belonging to different RFLP groups ranged from 4.3 to 22.4%, suggesting that these isolates may represent different taxa. When Ampelomyces ITS sequences were analyzed by cladistic methods with the sequences of other ascomycetous fungi, they formed two lineages in the Dothideales. Slow-growing Ampelomyces isolates formed a clade with Leptosphaeria microscopica and L. nodorum, whereas fast-growing Ampelomyces isolates formed a clade with Epicoccum nigrum. Sequence-divergence values between these two clades ranged from 17.3 to 22.4%, suggesting that the taxa in the two clades are not closely related and possibly not congeneric. The data presented here indicate that the identification of `A. quisqualis' isolates used in biological control experiments should be re-evaluated. Received: 10 March 1997 / Accepted: 13 February 1998     

Sequence variation of the rDNA ITS regions within and between anastomosis groups in Rhizoctonia solani

Sequence analysis of the rDNA region containing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8s rDNA coding sequence was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 45 isolates within and between anastomosis groups (AGs) in Rhizoctonia solani. The 5.8s rDNA sequence was completely conserved across all the AGs examined, whereas the ITS rDNA sequence was found to be highly variable among isolates. The sequence homology in the ITS regions was above 96% for isolates of the same subgroup, 66 – 100% for isolates of different subgroups within an AG, and 55 – 96% for isolates of different AGs. In neighbor-joining trees based on distances derived from ITS-5.8s rDNA sequences, subgroups IA, IB and IC within AG-1 and subgroups HG-I and HG-II within AG-4 were placed on statistically significant branches as assessed by bootstrap analysis. These results suggest that sequence analysis of ITS rDNA regions of R. solani may be a valuable tool for identifying AG subgroups of biological significance. Received: 11 February /16 May 1997     

PCR技术在赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种鉴别中的应用

目的应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术分析湖北省不同地区媒介按蚊的种型.方法采用传统的形态学方法和新建立的基因鉴别技术对现场捕获的按蚊分别进行形态特征鉴别和基因鉴别及比较.结果现场捕获181只按蚊,形态学确认176只为中华按蚊,而PCR鉴定172只为中华按蚊,另4只为八代按蚊;经形态学特征鉴别的5只嗜人按蚊中,PCR鉴别有4只为嗜人按蚊,另1只为八代按蚊.结论采用PCR基因鉴别技术能准确鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、八代按蚊等近缘种按蚊,较传统的按蚊形态学鉴别方法准确,适用于复合媒介地区的疟疾媒介调查和监测.     

花椒及其混淆品的rDNA ITS区序列分析与鉴别

目的研究不同居群的花椒及其混淆品的rDNA ITS区碱基序列的特征及其差异，为花椒的鉴别提供可靠的分子标记。方法运用PCR产物直接测序和克隆测序法对甘肃、陕西、四川、河北等7个花椒居群及3个混淆种的rDNA ITS区(包括ITS1，5.8S，ITS2)碱基序列进行序列测定。结果首次报道花椒ITS区的碱基序列，序列总长度为619-620 bp，长度变异较少，与混淆种长度仅相差4 bp。花椒各居群中，rDNA ITS区碱基序列有15个变异位点、12个信息位点、3个特异性识别位点。与混淆品间的碱基差异则较为显著，多达71个变异位点，有4个花椒特异性识别位点。结论依据花椒ITS区的序列特征可准确鉴别各居群的花椒及其混淆品；亲缘关系密切的花椒居群在地理位置上也非常靠近；rDNA ITS序列特征可作为花椒种内和种间鉴别的有效分子标记。     

山茱萸药材及其混伪品的ITS／ITS2序列鉴定研究

利用DNA条形码技术准确快速鉴定山茱萸药材及其混伪品。方法：提取山莱萸及其混伪品的基因组DNA,利用PCR技术扩增它们的ITS序列。所得序列经双向测序后用CodonCode AlignerV3．5．4软件进行拼接和质量评估,用MEGAV5．0计算种内、种间的遗传距离,构建NJ（邻接）树鉴定山茱萸药材及其混伪品。结果：山茱萸药材的ITS序列长度均为659bp,种内变异较小,平均K2P遗传距离为O．005,远小于其与混伪品的种间平均K2P遗传距离0．357。不同来源的山茱萸药材ITS2序列无变异,长度均为250bp,其与混伪品的种间平均K2P遗传距离为0．571。ITS／ITS2序列的NJ系统聚类树和BLAST比对结果均可明显区分山茱萸药材及其混伪品,表现出良好的单系性。结论：ITS／ITS2序列可准确有效鉴定山茱萸药材,为临床安全用药奠定了基础,也为其它药材的分子鉴定提供了新的思路。     

野生桑黄菌株的分离、鉴定和次生代谢物分析

目的 对4种不同树种来源的桑黄菌株进行分离、鉴定,并对次生代谢物进行分析。方法 将分离纯化的菌株采用光学显微镜观察其菌丝形态特征,利用ITS序列分析技术对其进行分子鉴定,采用比色法分析次生代谢物量。结果 从松树桑黄、桑树桑黄、暴马丁香树桑黄、杨树桑黄分离的菌株,其菌丝体形态特征相同,呈有隔分支,而菌落的生长速率和外观颜色不同,其中杨树桑黄的生长速率最快,达0.47 cm/d。进一步通过ITS序列分析发现,松树桑黄菌株为松木层孔菌Phellinus pini,桑树桑黄菌株为裂蹄木层孔菌Phellinus linteus,暴马丁香桑黄菌株和杨树桑黄菌株为鲍氏木层孔菌Phellinus baumii。对多糖、黄酮、多酚和三萜物质的分析发现,子实体和菌丝体中均含有这些次生代谢物,但其量与菌株来源有关。暴马丁香树来源的子实体中多糖量最高,为98.20 mg/g;杨树来源的子实体中黄酮、三萜、多酚量最高,分别为548.49、1.48、33.70 mg/g。菌丝体中多糖、黄酮、多酚和三萜物质产量累积最高的菌株来源于桑树,分别为259.64、223.11、43.78、24.80 mg/L;同时发现,菌丝体中的三萜量高于子实体,其中桑树菌丝体中的三萜量是子实体的7倍左右。结论 4株桑黄菊菌株菌丝体形态基本无差异,rDNA ITS序列分析技术可以鉴定桑黄菌株;4株桑黄菌丝和子实体中次生代谢物量存在差异。     

ITS2条形码序列对茜草科黎药植物的鉴定

目的 利用DNA条形码技术通过ITS2序列对海南茜草科黎药植物进行快速鉴定.方法 对样本的核基因ITS2片段进行PCR扩增并双向测序,所得序列经CodonCode Aligner拼接后,利用MEGA5.0软件进行数据分析,并构建聚类树.从ITS2网站上获得ITS2二级结构信息,利用TAXON DNA软件分析序列种内、种间变异并作barcoding gap分析.结果 构建的系统树各个种不同样本均分别聚在一起,表现出单系性;各ITS2二级结构种内无明显差异;种间存在明显差异;基于ITS2序列的barcoding gap图显示种内变异和种间变异存在明显的barcoding gap.结论 ITS2序列可以作为DNA条形码对海南茜草科黎药植物进行快速鉴定.     

基于高通量测序技术研究药食两用薏苡仁中污染真菌多样性

目的:调查药食两用薏苡仁中污染真菌多样性,为其安全使用提供参考依据。方法:收集薏苡仁样品18批,提取真菌DNA并扩增ITS2序列,基于Illumina MiSeq PE250平台进行高通量测序。结果:共检测到4门18纲44目99科149属的真菌,子囊菌门Ascomycota是最优势菌门,镰刀菌属Fusarium(3.05%~60.32%)是属水平最优势属,其次是曲霉属Aspergillus(2.20%~45.44%)、白僵菌属Beauveria(0.07%~63.21%)、链格孢属Alternaria(0.80%~11.92%)、Arachnomyces(0.03%~39.36%)和青霉属Penicillium(0.24%~8.03%)。此外,共检测到5种潜在产毒真菌,分别是烟曲霉A.fumigatus、土曲霉A.terreus、梨孢镰刀菌F.poae、囊状青霉P.capsulatum和展青霉P.paxilli。结论:高通量测序技术可以快速有效地检测薏苡仁中污染真菌种类,为薏苡仁污染真菌毒素提供风险预警。