Primary Hemiarthroplasty for Proximal Humeral Fractures in the Elderly: Long-Term Functional Outcome and Social Implications

Abstract Background: Primary shoulder hemiarthroplasty is an established treatment modality for complex fractures of the proximal humerus. Long-term functional outcome is often disappointing. However, little is known about social implications particularly in the elderly. Methods: A single-institution case series of consecutive geriatric patients (age > 70 years) treated with shoulder hemiarthroplasty for complex fractures of the proximal humerus between 1994 and 1997 was analysed. Postoperative morbidity, long-term function, radiological outcome and social implications were evaluated. Results: Seventy-seven patients fulfilled the study criteria. Median age at the time of operation was 80 years (range 70–93 years). Systemic and local postoperative complications were observed in 8% including 2 patients (3%) with revision surgery. Postoperative mortality was 1%. Forty-eight patients (62%) were available for follow-up (median 49 months, range 25–80 months), 22 (29%) died from causes unrelated to hemiarthroplasty before follow-up and 7 patients (9%) did not attend follow-up examination. Median Constant-Murley score was 41 points (range 17–77 points). Long-term results concerning pain were satisfying. The Oxford shoulder score ranged from 14 to 40 (median 30). Forty-one patients (85%) still lived in their original environment and managed their daily life independently despite poor shoulder function. Four patients (8%) lived in a retirement home and 3 (6%) in a nursery home. Eighty percent of our patients were still able to use public transportation, do the daily shopping and wash their whole body by themselves. Conclusion: Most patients managed their daily life independently despite poor shoulder function.     

Mortality rate after hip hemiarthroplasty: analysis of risk factors in 299 consecutives cases

Abstract The femoral neck fracture is actually the most important traumatic event in the elderly, because of its high rate and terrible complications. We reviwed clinical records of 314 patients treated in our institution with a bipolar implant for femoral neck fracture. At a mean follow-up of 5 years, 15 patients (4.8%) were lost to followup so data for 299 patients was studied to identity factors associated with mortality. Ten predictor variables were examined: age, sex, waiting time for surgery, pulmonary dysfunction, fracture etiology, and comorbidity with ischemic heart disease, and heart failure, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic renal failure. Cumulative mortality rate during the first 6 months was 19% (55 of 299 patients) and in the first year it was 25% (76 of 299). At logistic regression analysis, mortality was associated with age, male gender, waiting period for surgery and presence of neoplastic disease or pathological fracture. Waiting for surgery was a significant factor for mortality at 6, 12 and 24 months: patients surgically treated in the first 24 hours had lower mortality than those who waited longer. The risk of mortality in the first 6 months doubled for an age increase of 12 years, while mortality within 2 years doubled for an age increase of 9 years. Although the motality rate after surgery for femoral neck fracture was high in the first year (25%), it dropped off in successive years to levels observed in a healthy population. Thus, we agree with the literature that femoral fracture is a risk factor for survival only in the first year after trauma, above all in the elderly.     

Minimally invasive hemiarthroplasty in femoral neck fractures. Randomized comparison between a mini-incision and an ordinary incision: preliminary results

Minimally invasive osteosynthesis is a well-recognized treatment; however, those of arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty may rarely be performed. We reviewed the comparison of a mini-incision approach in hemiarthroplasty versus that of an ordinary approach in patients with femoral neck fractures. Two different operative procedures were compared. Thirty-two patients (group 1) had a mini-incision in hemiarthroplasty. Thirty-two patients (group 2) were treated with the conventional approach. The postoperative treatment course was the same for both groups. The mean length of follow-up was 25 months. The results were excellent or good in 86% of the patients (50 of 64) and were equally good for both procedures. However, the full weight bearing term was significantly shortened for patients treated by the mini-incision procedure. Good and excellent results can be expected from either the mini-incision or the ordinary approach in hemiarthroplasty. Only full weight bearing term was significantly short following the mini-incision. This approach results in less dissection and facilitates rapid patient recovery and possibility earlier discharge from the hospital.     

52例全髋关节和人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的比较

目的：比较全髋关节和人工股骨头置换治疗股骨颈骨折的手术治疗效果。方法：自1994－2000年主要以Moore型人工股骨头和全髋关节置换治疗59例股骨颈骨折。随诊时间1－6a,平均3．0a,随诊52例,手术时平均年龄72．5岁,全髋关节置换24例,人工股骨头置换28例,结果：人工股骨头置换术后中心性脱位2例,人工股骨头置换28例,髋臼软骨磨损髋部明显疼痛6例,全髋关节置换术后髋部轻度疼痛2例,假体轻微下沉1例,结果：人工股骨头置换治疗股骨颈骨折的并发症高于全髋关节置换术。     

Analysis of factors among 30-day and 1-year mortality rates in patients with borderline stable-unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of surgical procedures on mortality and to identify the possible risk factors for mortality in the management of geriatric hip fractures.MethodsA total of 191 patients (105 women and 86 men; mean age 82.26±9.681 [60–108] years) with AO/OTA 31A2.2 intertrochanteric fractures and treated with sliding hip screw, proximal femoral nail, or hemiarthroplasty were included in this retrospective cohort study. The treatment type was decided by the responsible surgeon according to the patients’ pre-injury activity level, bone quality, and features of the fracture. Age, sex, type of fracture, type of surgery performed, American society of anesthesiology (ASA) grade, type of anesthesia, time to surgery, type of physical therapy, length of hospital stay, and number of comorbidities were documented. We evaluated the 30-day and 1-year mortality of patients treated with sliding hip screw (SHS), proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFN-A), or hemiarthroplasty and identified the possible risk factors for mortality.ResultsA total of 49 patients underwent SHS, 58 underwent PFN-A, and 84 underwent hemiarthroplasty. Of these, 2 patients with SHS, 2 with PFN-A, and 11 with hemiarthroplasty died within 30 days after surgery, whereas 7 patients with SHS, 15 with PFN-A, and 23 with hemiarthroplasty died 1 year after surgery. The 30-day and 1-year overall mortality rates were 7.9% and 23.6%, respectively. Both the 30-day and 1-year mortality risks were higher in patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty than in patients undergoing SHS (p=0.068 versus 0.058). The 30-day mortality was higher in patients receiving general anesthesia than in those receiving combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (p=0.009). The 1-year mortality risk was higher in patients with ASA grade 4 than in those with grade 1 and 2 (p=0.045). Advanced age (p=0.022) and male sex (p=0.007) were also found to be the risk factors for 1-year mortality.ConclusionWe demonstrated that higher ASA grade, male sex, general anesthesia, and hemiarthroplasty procedures are associated with higher mortality rates in elderly patients with hip fractures. Thus, we highly recommend orthopedic surgeons to consider all these factors in the management of intertrochanteric hip fractures in the geriatric population.Level of EvidenceLevel IV, Prognostic Study     

实测法在半髋关节置换术中确保下肢等长的应用

目的分析实测法在半髋关节置换术中确保下肢长度的有效性。方法笔者自2010-01—2012-12共采用非骨水泥固定型双动头人工半髋关节置换术治疗279例移位股骨颈骨折。随机分成实测法组(应用实测法)和经验测量法组(应用解剖标志测量法),比较2组术后双下肢长度差异、手术时间、Harris评分、平均住院日及术后并发症。结果所有患者获得平均47.5(30~69)个月随访。实测法组与经验测量法组术后双下肢平均长度差异分别为(4.15±2.68)mm和(6.93±3.71)mm,实测法组小于经验测量法组,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.276,P=0.031)。实测法组和经验测量法组在手术时间、术后及末次随访时髋关节Harris评分、平均住院日、术后并发症方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组各1例发生脱位,无坐骨神经麻痹、伤口感染、假体周围骨折发生。结论实测法是一种在半髋关节置换术中减小下肢长度差异的简单、有效、准确的方法。     

Femoral Stem Cementation in Hip Arthroplasty: The Know-How of a “Lost” Art

Purpose of ReviewTo describe the (1) indications, (2) preoperative precautions, and (3) stepwise technical details of modern femoral stem cemented fixation.Recent FindingsFemoral stem cementation provides excellent implant longevity with a low periprosthetic fracture rate among patients with compromised bone quality or aberrant anatomy. Unfamiliarity with the details of modern cementation techniques among trainees who may lack frequent exposure to cementing femoral stems may preclude them from offering this viable option to suitable patients in later stages of their careers. As such, maximizing benefit from cemented femoral stem fixation among suitable candidates is contingent upon the meticulous use of modern cementation techniques.SummaryIn addition to proper patient selection, modern cementation techniques emphasize the use of (1) pulsatile lavage of the femoral canal, (2) utilization of epinephrine-soaked swabs, (3) vacuum cement mixing, (4) retrograde cement introduction, (5) cement pressurization, and (6) the use of stem centralizers. Furthermore, identifying and optimizing the preoperative status of at-risk patients with pre-existing cardiopulmonary compromise, in addition to intraoperative vigilance, are essential for mitigating the risk of developing bone cement implantation syndrome. Further research is required to assess the utility of cemented femoral stem fixation among younger patients.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12178-020-09681-5.     

Cemented hemiarthroplasty or hip replacement for intracapsular neck of femur fracture? A comparison of 7732 matched patients using national data

Background

The treatment of choice for intracapsular neck of femur (NOF) fractures in younger, more active patients remains unknown. Some surgeons advocate total hip replacement (THR).

Aim

This study aimed to compare complications following THR and hemiarthroplasty using the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) database in England.

Method

Dislocation and revision rates were extracted for all patients with NOF fracture who underwent either cemented hemiarthroplasty or cemented THR between January 2005 and December 2008. To make a ‘like for like’ comparison all 3866 THR patients were matched to 3866 hemiarthroplasty patients (from a total of 41,343) in terms of age, sex and Charlson score.

Results and conclusion

Eighteen-month dislocation was significantly higher in the THR group (2.4% vs. 0.5%, odds ratio (OR) 3.90 (2.99–5.05), p < 0.001). This difference was sustained at the 4-year stage (2.9% vs. 0.9%, OR 3.18 (1.58–6.94), p = 0.001) in a subset of patients with longer follow-up. There was no significant difference in revision rate up to 4 years (1.8% vs. 2.1%, OR 0.85 (0.46–1.55), p = 0.666). In this national analysis of matched patients short- and medium-term dislocation rates following THR were significantly higher than following cemented hemiarthroplasty, without any difference in revision rates at 4 years. The low risk of dislocation may be acceptable in order to experience the apparent functional benefits of THR.