Alteration of Human Leukocyte Chernotaxis, Chemiluminescence, and HMP Shunt Activity Caused By Mechanical Trauma

The effect of graded shear stress exposure (0 to 800 dynes/cm² at 35°C) on human leukocyte function was examined in vitro, using a concentric cylinder viscometer. Boyden Chamber chemotaxis was significantly reduced at stress levels above 150 dynes/cm², and was over a factor of three lower after exposure to trauma levels of 450 dynes/cm² Hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity following particle ingestion was also significantly lower after exposure to shear stresses of 150 dynes/cm² or more for ten minutes. PMN chemiluminescence was reduced following stress trauma of 450 dynes/cm² using whole blood, and after 150 dynes/cm² using leukocyte suspensions. All the functional alterations reported appear to be bulk shear stress effects and not due to surface interaction, as changing the surface-to-volume ratio in the viscometer by over a factor of three did not change the damage caused at a given stress level. These functional alterations caused by mechanical trauma may be important in hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, venovenous perfu-sion, and in any blood-contacting artificial organ. The stress levels required for damage are of the same order as those required for platelet functional alteration, and much lower than those required for erythrocyte hemolysis for the same exposure times.     

麝香保心丸对心肌一氧化氮合酶及左室功能的影响

观察了麝香保心丸对心肌组织内皮型一氧化氮合酶（ｅＮＯＳ）的表达及左室功能的影响，在大鼠心梗模型上治疗组给予麝香保心丸３３ｍｇ／ｄ２或６周，用心导管测定心脏功能，免疫组织化学地测定心肌ｅＮＯＳ水平，结果表明，麝香保心丸可同时增加心肌ｅＮＯＳ的表达水平，改善心梗后左室收缩及舒张功能。     

Assessment of herbal medicinal products: Challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment

Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of product as the use of HMPs increases. Potential harm can occur via inherent toxicity of herbs, as well as from contamination, adulteration, plant misidentification, and interactions with other herbal products or pharmaceutical drugs. Regulatory safety assessment for HMPs relies on both the assessment of cases of adverse reactions and the review of published toxicity information. However, the conduct of such an integrated investigation has many challenges in terms of the quantity and quality of information. Adverse reactions are under-reported, product quality may be less than ideal, herbs have a complex composition and there is lack of information on the toxicity of medicinal herbs or their constituents. Nevertheless, opportunities exist to capitalise on newer information to increase the current body of scientific evidence. Novel sources of information are reviewed, such as the use of poison control data to augment adverse reaction information from national pharmacovigilance databases, and the use of more recent toxicological assessment techniques such as predictive toxicology and omics. The integration of all available information can reduce the uncertainty in decision making with respect to herbal medicinal products. The example of Aristolochia and aristolochic acids is used to highlight the challenges related to safety assessment, and the opportunities that exist to more accurately elucidate the toxicity of herbal medicines.     

麝香保心丸联合西药治疗老年冠心病心绞痛随机平行对照研究

[目的]观察麝香保心丸联合西药治疗老年冠心病心绞痛疗效。[方法]使用随机平行对照方法,将120例住院患者按抽签法分为两组。对照组60例硝酸甘油,0.25~0.5mg/次,1次/d,心绞痛发作时舌下含化;阿托伐他汀钙,0.02g/次,1次/d,口服;肠溶阿司匹林,0.1g/次,1次/d,口服;美托洛尔,50mg/次,1次/d,口服;托拉塞米,10mg/次,2次/d,口服。治疗组60例麝香保心丸,45.0~67.5mg/次,3次/d,心绞痛发作时舌下含服;西药治疗同对照组。连续治疗90d为1疗程。观测临床症状、心绞痛发作情况、不良反应。治疗1疗程,判定疗效。[结果]治疗组显效39例,有效13例,无效8例,总有效率86.67%。对照组显效27例,有效11例,无效22例,总有效率63.33%。治疗组疗效优于对照组(P0.05)。心绞痛发作情况两组均有改善(P0.05),治疗组改善优于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]麝香保心丸联合西药治疗老年冠心病心绞痛效果显著,值得推广。     

Efficient oxidation of promutagenic hydroxymethylpyrenes by cDNA-expressed human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and its inhibition by various agents

Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be metabolically activated via benzylic hydroxylation and sulphation to electrophilically reactive esters. However, we previously found that the predominant biotransformation route for the hepatocarcinogen 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP) in the rat in vivo is the oxidation of the side chain by alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases to the carboxylic acid. Inhibition of this pathway by ethanol (competing ADH substrate) or 4-methylpyrazole (ADH inhibitor) led to a dramatic increase in the 1-HMP-induced DNA adduct formation in rat tissues in the preceding study. In order to elucidate the role of individual ADHs in the metabolism of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we expressed the various members of the human ADH family in bacteria. Cytosolic preparations from bacteria expressing ADH2 clearly oxidized hydroxymethylpyrene isomers (1-, 2- and 4-HMP) with the highest rate. This form was purified to near homogeneity to perform detailed kinetic analyses. High catalytic efficiencies (V(max)/K(m)) were observed with HMPs. Thus, this value was 10,000-fold higher for 2-HMP than for the reference substrate, ethanol. The corresponding aldehydes were also efficiently reduced by ADH2. 4-Methylpyrazole inhibited the oxidation of the HMP isomers as well as the reverse reaction. Daidzein, cimetidine and the competing substrate ethanol were further compounds that inhibited the ADH2-mediated oxidative detoxification of 1-HMP.     

麝香保心丸辅助治疗病态窦房结综合征27例疗效分析

目的：探讨麝香保心丸辅助治疗病态窦房结综合征的临床效果。方法：选择我院2006年12月至2009年12月病态窦房结综合征53例,将以上患者随机分为两组,观察组和对照组。两组患者均给予一般治疗,充分休息、适当活动、病程严重者要卧床休息,低流量吸氧,低脂低盐饮食等。对照组患者给予山莨菪碱5ng口服,每天2次,应用3个月。观察组在对照组用药基础上口服麝香保心丸,每次2粒,每天3次,应用时间为3个月。结果：两组患者总有效率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：在西药常规治疗基础上,应用麝香保心丸能够显著改善病窦综合征患者临床症状,临床效果显著,值得借鉴。     

护网明目散对实验性玻璃体积血视网膜保护作用的超微结构观察

目的探讨在实验性玻璃体积血治疗中护网明目散对视网膜的保护作用。方法将实验兔48只随机抽取12只为正常对照组(A组);其余36只玻璃体积血模型兔随机分成3组,每组12只,分别为模型组(B组)、护网明目散组(C组)、安妥碘组(D组)。分别于第4周、第8周随机处死各组之中的6只,取视网膜组织,透射电镜检查。结果护网明目散组较模型组、安妥碘组视网膜各层组织的超微结构损伤轻微。结论护网明目散能够明显减轻和防止玻璃体积血对视网膜组织造成的损害。     

曲美他嗪联合麝香保心丸治疗不稳定心绞痛临床疗效探讨

目的：探讨曲美他嗪联合麝香宝心丸治疗不稳定心绞痛临床疗效。方法：选取我院于2011年1月-2013年11月收疗的84例不稳定心绞痛患者,按照随机抽取原则分为研究组与对照组,对照组应用常规方法进行治疗,研究组在此基础上予以曲美他嗪联合麝香保心丸进行治疗,分析比较两组患者临床治疗效果与心电图变化状况。结果：研究组患者治疗总有效率85.7%,明显优于对照组69.0%,差异显著（P〈0.05）。经治疗,研究组NST和∑ST降低显著（P〈0.05）。结论：曲美他嗪联合麝香保心丸治疗不稳定心绞痛,治疗效果明显增加,临床应用价值较高。     

联合麝香保心丸治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效分析

目的：观察麝香保心丸治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效分析。方法：将176例不稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为两组,在常规治疗的同时,治疗组加用麝香保心丸治疗30天,观察治疗前后心绞痛发作次数、缓解时间、硝酸甘油用量、血压、心率的变化。结果：经统计学处理,治疗组疗效指数明显好转fP〈O．05）。结论：麝香保心丸治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效肯定,安全,不良反应小。     

Glass ionomer cements with milled,dry chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate filler particles to provide long-term antimicrobial properties with recharge capacity

Objective

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are a versatile material, offering the opportunity for ion exchange with the oral environment. The aim of this study was to develop a GIC that delivers a controlled, rechargeable dose of chlorhexidine (CHX) over an extended period without compromising mechanical properties.