河北省燕山及太行山山脉黄芩生态适宜性区划研究

目的:研究黄芩在河北省燕山及太行山山脉生态适宜性区划。方法:通过第四次全国中药资源普查等方式获取黄芩分布位点信息,利用地理信息系统技术和最大信息熵模型分析其分布区的主导生态因子、数值和权重,得出黄芩药材在河北省的生态适宜生长区。结果:研究表明,海拔、坡度、最暖季降水量、最湿月降水量、年均温、土壤类型、植被类型7项环境因子是影响黄芩分布的主要生态因子;黄芩在河北省的生态适宜生长区主要分布在承德、张家口、保定等地的燕山及太行山山脉区域。结论:可在太行山山脉的承德市、张家口市、保定市,燕山山脉的秦皇岛市引种栽培黄芩。     

基于GIS的卫勤指挥自动化系统设计

地理信息系统(GIS)是在现代计算机软、硬件支持下,以地理空间数据库为基础新开发构建的一个属性管理系统。具有独特项目属性信息存贮,自动查询,智能运算分析,直观仿真图示等功能。笔者认为,这个系统经二次开发,可很好的用于卫勤指挥自动化系统的建设,大有开发价值。     

Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies

BackgroundReducing the retail availability of tobacco has been proposed as a component of tobacco endgame, yet it is not known whether retail availability has a direct impact on smoking behaviours. A narrative review and a meta-analysis have been undertaken to examine the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets, but were limited in scope, exposure and outcome variables. The aim of this current study was to undertake a systematic review of the international literature on the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes, schools and communities and their association with smoking behaviours among youth.MethodsWe reviewed and critically appraised the evidence documenting the association between density or proximity of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours among school-age youth (18 and under), between 1 January 1990 and 21 October 2019. We reviewed original quantitative research that examined the associations of tobacco retail outlet density and proximity with individual smoking status or population-level smoking prevalence; initiation of smoking; frequency of tobacco use; sales to minors; purchasing by minors; susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers; perceived prevalence of smoking, and quitting behaviours.FindingsThirty-five peer-reviewed papers met the inclusion criteria. This review provided evidence of a relationship between density of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours, particularly for the density near youths’ home. A study using activity spaces also found a significant positive association between exposure to tobacco retail outlets and daily tobacco use. The review did not provide evidence of an association between the proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes or schools and smoking behaviours among youth.ConclusionsThe existing evidence supports a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and smoking behaviours among youth, particularly for the density near youths’ home. This review provides evidence for the development and implementation of policies to reduce the density of tobacco retail outlets to reduce smoking prevalence among youth.     

Augmented Reality Farm MAPPER Development: Lessons Learned from an App Designed to Improve Rural Emergency Response

Fire departments have right-of-entry to most commercial industrial sites and preemptively map them to identify the onsite resources and hazards they need to promptly and safely respond to an emergency event. This is not the case for private farms. Emergency responders are blind to resources and hazards prior to arrival and must spend critical minutes locating them during an emergency response at a farm location. The original 2013 Farm Mapping to Assist, Protect and Prepare Emergency Responders (Farm MAPPER) project was undertaken to develop a method to give emergency responders an up-to-date view of on-farm hazard information to safely and efficiently conduct emergency response activities on private agricultural operations. In 2017, an augmented reality version of Farm MAPPER was developed to combine the technological advantages of geographic information system-based data points with a heads-up display and graphical overlay of superimposed hazard imagery and informative icons. The development and testing of this iOS- and Android-ready prototype uncovered lessons learned applicable to other mobile-based apps targeting farmers, ranchers, and rural populations faced with limited or inconsistent mobile internet connectivity.     

A flow-based statistical model integrating spatial and nonspatial dimensions to measure healthcare access

Assessing access to healthcare for an entire healthcare system involves accounting for demand, supply, and geographic variation. In order to capture the interaction between healthcare services and populations, various measures of healthcare access have been utilized, including the popular two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. However, despite the many advantages of 2SFCA, the problems, such as inappropriate assumption of healthcare demand and failure to capture cascading effects across the system have not been satisfactorily addressed. In this paper, a statistical model for evaluating flows of individuals was added to the 2SFCA method (hereafter we refer to it as F2SFCA) in order to overcome limitations associated with its current restriction. The proposed F2SFCA model can incorporate both spatial and nonspatial dimensions and thus synthesizes them into one framework. Moreover, the proposed F2SFCA model can be easily adapted to measure access for different types of individuals, over different service provider types, or with capacity constraints in a healthcare system. We implemented the proposed model in a case study assessing access to healthcare for the elderly in Taipei City, Taiwan, and compared the weaknesses and strengths to the 2SFCA method and its variations.     

Spatial accessibility to colonoscopy and its role in predicting late‐stage colorectal cancer

ObjectiveTo better determine the relationship between spatial access to colonoscopy and colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes, our objective was to examine the agreement of the classic, enhanced, and variable two‐step floating catchment area (2SFCA) methods in evaluating spatial access to colonoscopy and to compare the predictive validity of each method related to late‐stage CRC. 2SFCA methods simultaneously consider supply/demand of services and impedance (ie, travel time).Data SourcesColonoscopy provider locations were obtained from the South Carolina Ambulatory Surgery Database. ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) level population estimates and area‐level poverty level were obtained from the American Community Survey. Rurality was determined by the United States Department of Agriculture''s Rural‐Urban Commuting Area codes. Individual‐level CRC data were obtained from the South Carolina Central Cancer Registry.Study DesignUsing the classic, enhanced, and variable 2SFCA methods, we calculated ZCTA‐level spatial access to colonoscopy. We assessed agreement between the three methods by calculating Spearman''s rank coefficients and weighted Kappas (Κ). Global and Local Moran''s I were used to assess spatial clustering of accessibility scores across 2SFCA methods. We performed multilevel logistic regression analyses to examine the association between spatial accessibility to colonoscopy, area‐ and individual‐level factors, and late‐stage CRC.Principal FindingsWe found strong agreement (Weighted Κ = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.79‐0.86) and identified similar clustering patterns with the classic and enhanced 2SFCA methods. There was negligible agreement among the classic/enhanced 2SFCA and the variable 2SFCA. Across all 2SFCA methods, regression models showed that spatial access to colonoscopy, rurality, and poverty level were not associated with greater odds of late‐stage CRC, though Black race was associated with late‐stage CRC across all models.ConclusionsNone of the 2SFCA methods showed an association with late‐stage CRC. Future studies should explore which elements (spatial or nonspatial) of access to care have the greatest impact on CRC outcomes.     

基于空间分析预测钉螺分布的气温指标研究

目的探讨钉螺分布与气温的定量关系，为全球气候变暖与南水北调钉螺能否北移提供理论基础。方法收集多年来的年平均最低气温、1月平均最低气温、年平均气温、1月平均气温、年平均最高气温，按1km网格匹配气温数据，在GIS支持下，将空间分布的气温数据与中国血吸虫病流行县分布图进行空间统计分析，并比较不同气温与钉螺分布的吻合程度。结果钉螺分布区的累年平均最低气温的95％可信区间为（4．3～18．1℃）、累年1月平均最低气温的为（-4．6～9．2℃）、累年平均气温的为（9．4～21．1℃）、累年1月平均气温的为（0．9～12．4℃）、累年平均最高气温的为（16．2～25．6℃），其中累年1月平均气温与钉螺的分布拟合最好。结论1月平均气温是预测钉螺分布的较好指标。     

A malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in Sri Lanka

Malaria in Sri Lanka is unstable and epidemic, with large spatial and temporal differences in transmission dynamics. The disease is of great public health significance and identification of underlying risk factors is important in order to use the limited resources in a cost-effective way. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) recently launched a project of GIS-based malaria risk mapping in Sri Lanka, to investigate whether this tool could be used for epidemic forecasting and for the planning of malaria control activities. This paper presents results for the Uda Walawe region in southern Sri Lanka, an irrigated agricultural area where malaria cases were mapped at the smallest administrative level for each month over a 10-year period. Malaria incidence rates were related to land- and water-use patterns, socio-economic features, and data on malaria control interventions in a multivariate analysis. Areas of high malaria risk were characterized by: (i) higher than average rainfall, (ii) greater forest coverage; (iii) slash and burn cultivation as a predominant agricultural activity; (iv) presence of many abandoned irrigation reservoirs; and (v) poor socio-economic status. Irrigated rice cultivation areas had a lower risk of malaria than non-irrigated areas. This difference could be due to socio-economic factors related to irrigation development and/or transmission dynamics related to vector density or species composition. Our findings call for malaria control strategies that are readily adapted to different ecological and epidemiological settings. Malaria risk maps are a convenient tool for discussing targeted and cost-effective interventions with disease control personnel.