The Current Pediatric Surgery Job Market: A Perspective of Recent Fellowship Graduates

PurposeThis study describes the job market from the perspective of recent pediatric surgery graduates.MethodsAn anonymous survey was circulated to the 137 pediatric surgeons who graduated from fellowships 2019–2021.ResultsThe survey response rate was 49%. The majority of respondents were women (52%), Caucasian (72%), and had a median student debt burden of $225,000. Considering job opportunities, respondents strongly emphasized camaraderie (93%), mentorship (93%), case mix (85%), geography (67%), faculty reputation (62%), spousal employment (57%), compensation (51%), and call frequency (45%). 30% were satisfied with the employment opportunities available, and 21% felt strongly prepared to negotiate for their first job. All respondents were able to secure a job. Most jobs were university-based (70%) or hospital employed (18%) positions where surgeons covered median of two hospitals. 49% wanted protected research time, and 12% of respondents were able to secure substantial, protected research time. The median compensation for university-based jobs was $12,583 below the median AAMC benchmark for assistant professors for the corresponding year of graduation.ConclusionThese data highlight the ongoing need for assessment of the pediatric surgery workforce and for professional societies and training programs to further assist graduating fellows in preparing to negotiate their first job.Type of studySurveyLevel of EvidenceLevel V.     

中国疾控中心近五年研究生就业情况分析

目的 基于近5年（2016—2020届）中国疾控中心培养的研究生毕业、就业情况进行分析和研究,为我国公共卫生人才培养提供数据支持。方法 利用北京高校毕业生就业平台及资源管理系统毕业生数据,分析研究生毕业、就业情况和特点。结果 2016—2020年累计毕业生共计687人,其中定向生119人,占17.3%,非定向生568人,占82.7%;非定向毕业生总体就业率为93.2%,其中2016—2018年的就业率比较稳定,均为100%;考研或继续从事博士后工作人数比较平稳,共55人,占9.7%;出国仅占0.4%。非定向毕业生就业去向疾控中心、卫生监督中心和妇幼保健院等专业公共卫生机构的最多,占53.5%;其次医院等医疗卫生机构（占18.1%）、企业（占9.3%）。就业去向选择专业公共卫生机构的近几年来保持平稳,选择医院等医疗卫生机构有略微增长趋势。结论 可通过提升公共卫生机构吸引力、加大教育培训等措施为我国公共卫生机构输送高质量公共卫生人才,推动我国卫生健康工作的发展。     

Occupational stress in migraine is weekend headache a myth or reality?

To determine whether or not the frequency of migraine attacks increased at weekends in employed patients and if so, whether or not this was related to the type of migraine, 35 female patients prospectively recorded the presence or absence of migraine attacks daily over a six-week period. They were also asked to estimate the frequency with which emotional factors predisposed to their migraine attacks and to provide details of their occupation. A diagnosis of common (migraine without aura) or classical migraine (migraine with aura) was made according to both the criteria of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Classification of Headache and those of the International Headache Society. Eleven percent and 6% of patients, respectively, felt that emotional factors "usually" or "always" predisposed to migraine attacks. There was no significant increase in the frequency of migraine attacks at weekends in either the total group or in the employed patients. Similarly, the type of migraine made no difference to the results. There was therefore no evidence for a delayed onset of migraine at weekends related to the weekday stress of employment.     

提高学生就业能力的思考与实践

大学生就业能力是一种综合能力。以沈阳药大学工商管理学院学生为例,分析学生就业能力受到学校教育偏颇、人文知识匮乏和对专业的误解三方面不利因素的制约,提出提高学生就业能力的对策和建议,结合实际工作介绍沈阳药科大学工商管理学院为提高学生就业能力而实施的举措。     

Editor's Introduction to This Special Issue on Syringe Access and Secondary Syringe Exchange: International Perspectives and Future Directions

Implementation of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) presents welfare recipients with time-limited benefits and work requirements. However, it is estimated that over 140,000 welfare recipients meet the DSM-IV criteria for “drug dependence”. In this study, samples of chronic drug using and non-drug using female TANF recipients were compared with regard to: current employment, psychological functioning, self-perceived employment skills, barriers to employment, and need for help in seeking employment. It was found that non-drug using study participants were significantly more likely to be employed and reported significantly higher self-perceived work skills than users. Chronic users reported significantly greater barriers to seeking employment. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]     

Occupational Factors and Problem Drinking among a Japanese Working Population

Problem drinking is a serious public health problem in the workplace. However, few Japanese epidemiological studies have investigated the occupational characteristics of problem drinking. The purpose of this study is to clarify the occupational risk factors for problem drinking among a Japanese working population. We used data from a random-sampling survey about mental health and suicide, conducted among Hamamatsu City residents aged 15 to 79 yr old during May and June in 2008. The relation between occupational factors and problem drinking was analyzed with multiple logistic regression models stratified by gender. CAGE questionnaire was used to assess problem drinking. With regard to employment types, problem drinkers were more prevalent among self-employed women. With regard to occupational types, clerical and service professions had more problem drinkers of either sex, while administrative/managerial and sales professions had more women with such problem. With regard to company size, male problem drinkers were more prevalent in smaller companies than in larger ones. These results indicate that the prevalence of problem drinkers in the workplace depends on where one works. It is necessary to consider these characteristics to provide effective measures to address problem drinking in the workplace.     

Exercise,physical activity,and exertion over the business cycle

Shifts in time and income constraints over economic expansions and contractions would be expected to affect individuals' behaviors. We explore the impact of the business cycle on individuals' exercise, time use, and total physical exertion, utilizing information on 112,000 individual records from the 2003–2010 American Time Use Surveys. In doing so, we test a key causal link that has been hypothesized in the relation between unemployment and health, but not heretofore assessed. Using more precise measures of exercise (and other activities) than previous studies, we find that as work-time decreases during a recession, recreational exercise, TV-watching, sleeping, childcare, and housework increase. This, however, does not compensate for the decrease in work-related exertion due to job-loss, and total physical exertion declines. These effects are strongest among low-educated men, which is validating given that employment in the Great Recession has declined most within manufacturing, mining, and construction. We also find evidence of intra-household spillover effects, wherein individuals respond to shifts in spousal employment conditional on their own labor supply. The decrease in total physical activity during recessions is especially problematic for vulnerable populations concentrated in boom-and-bust industries, and may have longer-term effects on obesity and related health outcomes.