药物代谢酶维生素E琥珀酸酯抑制苯并(a)芘

目的　探讨药物代谢酶在维生素E琥珀酸酯 (VES)抑制苯并 (a)芘毒性中的作用。方法　建立B(a)P诱导的小鼠前胃癌模型 ,观察不同途径投予VES对前胃癌的抑制作用。再选择最佳途径观察两相药物代谢酶在此过程中的变化。采用免疫荧光光度法检测小鼠肝脏微粒体 (S - 9组分 )中Ⅰ相药物代谢酶乙氧基异吩恶唑 0 -脱乙基酶(Ethoxyresorufin 0 -deethylase,EROD)活性 ;应用试剂盒测定S - 9组分中Ⅱ相药物代谢酶谷胱甘肽 -S -转移酶(GST)活性。结果　经口投予和腹腔注射VES均可明显降低B(a)P诱导的小鼠前胃癌的发生。VES可显著降低肝脏Ⅰ相药物代谢酶乙氧基异吩恶唑 0 -脱乙基酶 (EROD)的活性 (39 1± 3 0 5 ) ,与阳性对照组 (5 7 9± 3 16 )比较 ,有显著性差异。结论　VES可降低B(a)P诱导的小鼠前胃癌 ,作用机制可能是通过影响肝脏药物代谢酶的活性来实现。     

The relationship between DNA adduct formation by benzo[a]pyrene and expression of its activation enzyme cytochrome P450 1A1 in rat

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen requiring metabolic activation prior to reaction with DNA. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 is the most important hepatic and intestinal enzyme in both BaP activation and detoxification. CYP1A2 is also capable of oxidizing BaP, but to a lesser extent. The induction of CYP1A1/2 by BaP and/or β-naphthoflavone in liver and small intestine of rats was investigated. Both BaP and β-naphthoflavone induced CYP1A expression and increased enzyme activities in both organs. Moreover, the induction of CYP1A enzyme activities resulted in an increase in formation of BaP–DNA adducts detected by ³²P-postlabeling in rat liver and in the distal part of small intestine in vivo. The increases in CYP1A enzyme activity were also associated with bioactivation of BaP and elevated BaP–DNA adduct levels in ex vivo incubations of microsomes of both organs with DNA and BaP. These findings indicate a stimulating effect of both compounds on BaP-induced carcinogenesis.     

Screening of dioxin-like compounds by complementary evaluation strategy utilising ELISA,micro-EROD,and HRGC-HRMS in soil and sediments from Montevideo,Uruguay

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulate in the environment. Due to their high analytical costs, these compounds are hardly regulated and mostly not monitored in the Third World. To overcome this, bioassays have been proposed as low-cost alternative methods. Two of the most established bioanalytical tools, the dioxin antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and the micro-EROD bioassay are evaluated and compared to high resolution gas chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) analytical methodology. The methods were tested using thirteen soils and sediment samples selected from diverse sites in Montevideo, Uruguay. The WHO₂₀₀₅ total toxic equivalent (WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ) of soils ranged from 2.4 to 2212 (ng WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/kg dry sample) and from 0.14 to 9.4 (ng WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/kg dry sample) in sediments. This study shows significant contamination related to dioxin-like compounds, particularly in sites where uncontrolled burnings were carried out. ELISA and micro-EROD bioassay correlated well with HRGC/HRMS, R Spearman 0.773 and 0.913, respectively and were highly correlated to each other, R Spearman 0.879. Preliminary threshold values of bioassay toxic equivalents of 330 (ng/kg dry sample) for the micro-EROD bioassay and 220 (ng/kg dry sample) for ELISA are proposed.     

Isolation and cultivation of metabolically competent alveolar epithelial cells from A/J mice

The A/J mouse strain is used in lung cancer studies. To enable mechanistic investigations the isolation and cultivation of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is desirable. Based on four different protocols dispase digestion of lung tissue was best and yielded 9.3 ± 1.5 × 10⁶ AECs. Of these 61 ± 13% and 43 ± 5% were positive for AP and NBT staining, respectively. Purification by discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation did not change this ratio; however, reduced the total cell yield to 4.4 ± 1.1 × 10⁶ AECs. Flow cytometry of lectin bound AECs determined 91 ± 7% and 87 ± 5% as positive for Helix pomatia and Maclura pomifera to evidence type II pneumocytes. On day 3 in culture the ethoxyresorufin-O-demethylase activity was 251 ± 80 pmol/4 h × 1.5 × 10⁶ and the production of androstenedione proceed at 243.5 ± 344.4 pmol/24 h × 1.5 × 10⁶ AECs.However, 6-α, 6-β and 16-β-hydroxytestosterone were produced about 20-fold less as compared to androstenedione and the production of metabolites depended on the culture media supplemented with 2% mouse serum or 10% FCS. Finally, by RT-PCR expression of CYP genes was confirmed in lung tissue and AECs; a link between testosterone metabolism and CYP2A12, 3A16 and 2B9/10 expression was established. Taken collectively, AECs can be successfully isolated and cultured for six days while retaining metabolic competence.     

Hepatic drug metabolizing profile of Flinders Sensitive Line rat model of depression

The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of depression exhibits some behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological features that have been reported in depressed patients and has been very effective in screening antidepressants. Major factor that determines the effectiveness and toxicity of a drug is the drug metabolizing capacity of the liver. Therefore, in order to discriminate possible differentiation in the hepatic drug metabolism between FSL rats and Sprague–Dawley (SD) controls, their hepatic metabolic profile was investigated in this study. The data showed decreased glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and lower expression of certain major CYP enzymes, including the CYP2B1, CYP2C11 and CYP2D1 in FSL rats compared to SD controls. In contrast, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNP), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) and 16α-testosterone hydroxylase activities were higher in FSL rats. Interestingly, the wide spread environmental pollutant benzo(α)pyrene (B(α)P) induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2 and ALDH3c at a lesser extend in FSL than in SD rats, whereas the antidepressant mirtazapine (MIRT) up-regulated CYP1A1/2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2, mainly, in FSL rats. The drug also further increased ALDH3c whereas suppressed GSH content in B(α)P-exposed FSL rats. In conclusion, several key enzymes of the hepatic biotransformation machinery are differentially expressed in FSL than in SD rats, a condition that may influence the outcome of drug therapy. The MIRT-induced up-regulation of several drug-metabolizing enzymes indicates the critical role of antidepressant treatment that should be always taken into account in the designing of treatment and interpretation of insufficient pharmacotherapy or drug toxicity.     

Selective impairment of drug-metabolizing enzymes in pig liver during subchronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1.

Consequences of subchronic exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on liver monooxygenase and transferase enzymes were compared in control pigs and pigs given 385, 867 or 1,807 microg AFB1/kg of feed for 4 weeks. Animals exposed to the highest dose of toxin developed clinical signs of aflatoxicosis, like liver fibrosis, hepatic dysfunction and decreased weight gain. This group had significantly lower levels of liver cytochrome P450, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, testosterone metabolism, P450 1A and P450 3A protein expression. By comparison, mild degenerative hepatic changes, no hepatic dysfunction but a similar pattern of liver P450 enzymes activity without changes in P450 3A expression were observed in pigs exposed to 867 microg AFB1/kg of feed. Benzphetamine and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities were increased in pigs exposed to 867 or 1,807microg AFB1/kg of feed. Pigs exposed to 385 microg AFB1/kg of feed had low levels of EROD activity and all other biotransformation and clinical parameters remained at control levels. Aniline hydroxylase activity, P450 2C protein expression, UDP-glucuronosyl and glutathione S-transferase activities were unaffected at all doses of AFB1. In conclusion, P450 1A and P450 3A appear to be specific targets of AFB1 even if pig did not display clinical sign of liver toxicosis.     

Tissue-specific regulation of canine intestinal and hepatic phenol and morphine UDP-glucuronosyltransferases by beta-naphthoflavone in comparison with humans

UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are regulated in a species- and tissue-dependent manner by endogenous and environmental factors. The present study was undertaken to further our knowledge about regulation of UGTs in dogs, a species widely used in preclinical safety evaluation. beta-Naphthoflavone (BNF) was selected as a known aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist and antioxidant-type inducer. The latter group of inducers is intensively investigated as dietary chemoprotectants against colon cancer. Dog UGTs were investigated in comparison with related human UGTs by examples, (i) expression of dog UGT1A6, the first sequenced dog phenol UGT, and (ii) morphine UGT activities, responsible for intestinal and hepatic first-pass metabolism of morphine. The following results were obtained: (i) dog UGT1A6 was found to be constitutively expressed in liver and marginally increased by BNF treatment. Expression was low in small intestine but ca. 6-fold higher in colon than for example in jejunum. Conjugation of 4-methylumbelliferone, one of the substrates of dog UGT1A6, was also enhanced 7-fold in colonic compared to jejunal microsomes. (ii) Compared to the corresponding human tissues, canine 3-O- and 6-O-morphine UGT activities were found to be >10-fold higher in dog liver and ca. 10-fold lower in small intestinal microsomes. Small intestinal morphine and 4-hydroxybiphenyl UGT activities appeared to be moderately (2- to 3-fold) induced by oral treatment with BNF. (iii) In contrast to dogs, morphine UGT activities were found to be similar in homogenates from human enterocytes and liver. The results suggest marked differences in tissue-specific regulation of canine vs. human hepatic and intestinal phenol or morphine UGTs.     

Serum withdrawal leads to reduced aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression and loss of cytochrome P4501A inducibility in PLHC-1 cells

Changes in the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) have been documented in several systems and in response to a variety of treatments. The significance of these findings is unclear, because the effects of such changes on subsequent responses to AHR ligands seldom have been measured. We tested the ability of changes in serum used in cell culture medium to alter expression of the AHR and induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in PLHC-1 teleost hepatoma cells. Culture of early-passage cells in serum-free medium for 2 days led to a loss of CYP1A inducibility by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In contrast, culture in 10% delipidated calf serum increased the TCDD-induced levels of both CYP1A protein and enzymatic activity relative to levels in cells cultured in 10% complete calf serum. These effects were consistent between 8 and 24hr post-treatment, indicating that the kinetics of induction were unaffected. In cells cultured in serum-free medium for 1 and 2 days there was a progressive loss of CYP1A inducibility. This loss of response paralleled a time-dependent decline in AHR protein, as measured by specific binding of [3H]TCDD. Using an operational model for AHR action in PLHC-1 cells, the measured reduction in AHR could be shown to predict the loss of CYP1A induction. Expression of AHR protein was unaffected by culture in 10% delipidated serum. The effects of serum-free medium and delipidated serum were found only in early-passage cells; inducibility of CYP1A and expression of AHR protein in late-passage cells were unaffected by serum withdrawal. Comparison of early- and late-passage cells revealed a 2-fold greater rate of proliferation in the latter, suggesting that a growth advantage is coincident with loss of the serum-dependency of AHR expression. These results provide a quantitative link between changes in receptor expression and a downstream response, establishing a foundation for future studies of receptor expression and sensitivity to toxic responses in vitro and in vivo.     

铬,汞,镉,镍四种重金属化合物对FL／P4501A1细胞酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度的重金属化合物溴化汞、三氯化铬、硫酸镉、氯化镍处理人羊膜ＦＬ／Ｐ４５０１Ａ１细胞，其半数抑制浓度（ＩＣ５０，ｍｇ／ｍｌ）分别为６．０２６０，３７．５２１３，２４．５４９１和４５．３８４５。结果表明：不同的重金属化合物对ＦＬ／Ｐ４５０１Ａ１细胞的毒性相差很大，溴化汞和硫酸镉的细胞毒性较大。ＦＬ／Ｐ４５０１Ａ１细胞带有Ｐ４５０１Ａ１基因，该基因产物为乙氧基异吩恶唑Ｏ－去乙基酶（ＥＲＯＤ）。     

Interseasonal variability in biomarkers of exposure in fish inhabiting a southwestern Australian estuary

The Swan-Canning Estuary, in southwestern Australia, undergoes distinct seasonal changes, with freshwater discharge predominant in the winter (wet) season and low flow with high salinity predominant in the dry summer season. To investigate seasonal variability in biomarkers of exposure in fish, black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were collected from seven sites in the Swan-Canning Estuary in winter 2000 and in summer 2001. No interseasonal or intersite differences in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase concentration were found, indicating the measured mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes were not influenced by liver damage. The ethoxyresorufin-O-deethlyase (EROD) activity of the postspawning females was higher in summer than in winter but was significantly lower than that in males in both seasons, suggesting estradiol suppression in females. Sexual differences in ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activity were not evident in either season. Both EROD and ECOD activities and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) biliary metabolites had significantly different patterns of induction between seasons. The ratio of naphthalene-type to benzo(a)pyrene-type biliary metabolites was significantly higher in summer, indicating the sources of petroleum hydrocarbons were petrogenic compared to in winter, when the source was a mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs. There was no upstream or downstream gradient of response in any biomarker in either season, demonstrating that there were multiple sources of contaminant input into the estuary. Although winter biomarker levels were triggered by the discharge runoff from major roads and drains, summer biomarker levels appear to have been related to recreational boating use on the estuary.