泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌ICU交叉感染防控策略

目的探索防控泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌交叉感染的有效方法。方法2005年收集RICU患者分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共7株,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分型,分析相关临床资料,实施"降阶梯防控策略"。结果4例患者检出的5株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌药物敏感试验相同,存在交叉感染高危因素,PFGE图形一致,明确存在交叉感染;采取"降阶梯防控策略"后,无其他患者发生交叉感染。结论"降阶梯防控策略"对控制泛耐药菌交叉感染有重要临床意义。     

Nosocomial transmission of influenza

Influenza is a common nosocomial infection. Serious outbreaks occur typically in elderly long-term patients, but have also been reported in renal, transplant and oncology units, neonatal intensive care and paediatrics. It is likely that staff-patient cross-infection is common. Prompt diagnosis of an outbreak lies at the heart of an effective influenza control programme. This requires effective virological surveillance. There are a variety of strategies that can help to prevent spread of influenza in health care settings. Basic infection control should include isolating infected residents, restricting circulation of nursing staff between patients, and restriction of visitors. Annual influenza immunization should be offered to elderly patients, subjects with chronic disease, and those in long-term residential or nursing home care. Vaccination of health care workers has been shown to be effective in protecting elderly patients in long-term care. Use of oral amantadine or rimantadine is an additional possible strategy for prophylaxis or treatment during an outbreak.     

Survey of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from the fingers of nursing students

 To clarify the state of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) contamination in the hospital environment, we compared MRCNS isolated from the fingers of 40 nursing students who had not yet experienced clinical practice and 40 who had just completed clinical practice in the hospital. Fourteen MRCNS strains were detected in 13 students (32.5%) after clinical practice; Staphylococcus epidermidis in 9 students, Staphylococcus haemolyticus in 3, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 2. Drug sensitivity tests were performed, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin-G (PCG) was more than 2 μg/ml in all strains, and that of ampicillin (ABPC) was more than 16 μg/ml in many strains. Only a few strains showed high MIC values for the other drugs tested. However, some Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains showed high MIC values for cefazolin (CEZ), arbekacin (ABK), gentamicin (GM), ofloxacin (OFLX), or imipenem (IPM). In all strains, the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and penicillin binding protein 2′ (PBP2′) was detected by the latex agglutination method. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolated from the fingers of nursing students was compared with that isolated from blood culture specimens by arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR analysis. The patterns obtained were different, a finding which excluded the presence of cross-infection. The present results show that basic preventive measures for cross-infection should be considered in the future, using such genetic analysis methods, so that MRCNS may not cause hospital infection. Received: May 27, 2002 / Accepted: September 9, 2002     

中医院医护人员手卫生状况分析与对策

目的了解中医院医护人员手消毒前后手部带菌情况以及需采取的相应对策。方法对中医院医护人员消毒前后的手表面进行卫生学检测和菌量培养。结果中医院医护人员手消毒前菌落数显著高于消毒后。结论中医院医护人员洗手消毒意识淡薄,应制定相应措施,降低医院感染。     

Multidrug-Resistant Organism Infections in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Left ventricular assist devices improve survival prospects in patients with end-stage heart failure; however, infection complicates up to 59% of implantation cases. How many of these infections are caused by multidrug-resistant organisms is unknown. We sought to identify the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of multidrug-resistant organism infection in patients who have left ventricular assist devices.We retrospectively evaluated the incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms and the independent risk factors associated with them in 57 patients who had permanent left ventricular assist devices implanted at our institution from May 2007 through October 2011. Outcomes included death, transplantation, device explantation, number of subsequent hospital admissions, and number of subsequent admissions related to infection. Infections were categorized in accordance with criteria from the Infectious Diseases Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.Multidrug-resistant organism infections developed in 18 of 57 patients (31.6%)—a high incidence. We found 3 independent risk factors: therapeutic goal (destination therapy vs bridging), P=0.01; body mass index, P=0.04; and exposed velour at driveline exit sites, P=0.004. We found no significant differences in mortality, transplantation, or device explantation rates; however, there was a statistically significant increase in postimplantation hospital admissions in patients with multidrug-resistant organism infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the medical literature concerning multidrug-resistant organism infection in patients who have permanent left ventricular assist devices.     

麻醉机通气系统污染与全麻术后患者的肺部感染

麻醉机通气系统污染是全麻术后患者肺部感染的常见因素之一。与麻醉机相关的医源性交叉感染已经引起广大麻醉医生及相关人员的重视。了解两者问的相关性和预防措施,可以使患者得到最大程度的保护。细菌过滤器的使用、人工鼻（HMEF）等可降低由麻醉机所导致的医院感染和被细菌污染的几率,麻醉机清洗消毒技术的临床应用对减少麻醉中及术后的肺部感染、提高医疗质量将起到重要的作用。现就近几年来麻醉机通气系统的污染与全麻术后患者的肺部感染相关性的研究进展予以综述。     

Involving the patient to ask about hospital hand hygiene: a National Patient Safety Agency feasibility study

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affect at least 300,000 patients annually in the UK and represent a significant, yet largely preventable, burden to healthcare systems. Hand hygiene by healthcare workers (HCWs) is the leading prevention measure, but compliance with good practice is generally low. The UK National Patient Safety Agency surveyed the public, inpatients, and HCWs, particularly frontline clinical staff and infection control nurses, in five acute care hospitals to determine whether they agreed that a greater level of involvement and engagement with patients would contribute to increased compliance with hand hygiene and reduce HAIs. Fifty-seven percent (302/530) of the public were unlikely to question doctors on the cleanliness of their hands as they assumed that they had already cleaned them. Forty-three percent (90/210) of inpatients considered that HCWs should know to clean their hands and trusted them to do so, and 20% (42/210) would not want HCWs to think that they were questioning their professional ability to do their job correctly. Most HCWs surveyed (178/254, 71%) said that HAI could be reduced to a greater or lesser degree if patients asked HCWs if they had cleaned their hands before touching them. Inviting patients to remind HCWs about hand hygiene through the provision of individual alcohol-based hand-rub containers and actively supporting an 'It's OK to ask' attitude were perceived as the most useful interventions by both patients and HCWs. However, further work is required to refute the myth among HCWs that patient involvement undermines the doctor- or HCW-patient relationship.