Ultrastructural and biochemical findings in brain cell cultures infected with canine distemper virus

Summary To study the pathomechanism of demyelination in canine distemper (CD), dog brain cell cultures were infected with virulent A75/17-CD virus (CDV) and examined ultrastructurally. Special attention was paid to the oligodendrocytes, which were specifically immunolabelled. In addition, cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST), an enzyme specific for oligodendrocyte activity was assayed during the course of the infection. Infection and maturation as well as CDV-induced changes were found in astrocytes and brain macrophages. Infection of oligodendrocytes was rarely seen, although CST activity of the culture markedly decreased and vacuolar degeneration of these cells occurred, resulting in their complete disappearance. We concluded that the degeneration of oligodendrocytes and demyelination is not due to direct virus-oligodendrocyte interaction, but due to CDV-induced events in other glial cells.Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant nos. 3.956.87 (M. V.) and 3.156.88 (N. H.), the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society (M. V.) and the Swiss Foundation of Encouragement of Research in Mental Retardation (N. H.)     

Humoral immune responses to myelin basic protein, cerebroside and ganglioside in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis of the guinea pig

Titers of serum antibodies to myelin basic protein, cerebroside and ganglioside were determined in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in strain 13 guinea pigs at various intervals after inoculation with whole central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Levels of antibodies to cerebroside and ganglioside were higher in the animals with paralysis than those without paralysis during the early chronic stage. In the late chronic stage, these antibodies were still at high levels, but none of the levels correlated with clinical activity. Levels of antibody to cerebroside were significantly related to the amount of demyelination. The humoral response to the CNS antigens was monophasic, although the clinical course was polyphasic. Another factor seems to be required for clinical relapses in this animal model.     

Cerebrosides from longan arillus

From the pulp of Euphoria longana (Longan Arillus), three cerebroside molecular species have been isolated. Six known cerebrosides, soyacerebrosides I and II, 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,8E)-2-(2'-lignoceroylamino)-4,8-octadecadiene-1,3-diol (longan cerebroside I) and its 8Z isomer (longan cerebroside II), momor-cerebroside I, and phytolacca cerebroside, were identified as major components of these cerebroside molecular species. All the cerebrosides were shown to be a mixture of geometrical isomers (8E and 8Z) of sphingosine-type or phytosphingosine-type glucocerebrosides possessing 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The structures of these cerebrosides have been determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

兵豆中一新脑酰胺糖甙

从兵豆（Lens culinaris Medic.)种子乙醇提取物中分离到8个化合物,通过理化鉴定与波谱分析测定所分离出化合物的分子结构,分别鉴定为β－谷甾醇（1）,β－谷甾醇棕榈酸酯（Ⅱ）,胡萝卜甙（Ⅲ）,棕榈酸（Ⅳ）,9,10－二羟基硬脂酸（V）,乙基－α-D－葡萄糖甙（VI）,3－O－甲基－D－手机醇（Ⅶ）和兵豆甙（Ⅷ）,所有化合物均是首次从该植物中分离得到,其中Ⅷ为一新脑酰胺糖甙,命名兵豆甙。     

Qualitative on-line profiling of ceramides and cerebrosides by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry: the case of Dracontium loretense

Ceramides and cerebrosides are key compounds in the metabolism of sphingolipids. Produced in response to a variety of apoptotic stimuli, these metabolites mediate either mitogenic or apoptotic responses, depending on cell type and nature of stimulus. Novel strategies using these selective targets for a therapeutic intervention, e.g. in cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and HIV, have been developed, along with anticancer approaches using controlled delivery of exogenous natural ceramides from ceramide-based liposomes. Thus, great is the need to find selective and sensitive analytical methods allowing a prompt detection of ceramides and cerebrosides in natural matrices. Here we report an analytical study carried out on the Amazonian plant Dracontium loretense, resulted in a preliminary analysis a rich source of this class of natural compounds. A handy, selective, and sensitive methodology based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionization multistage ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/ITMS(n)) was developed. Analysis of fingerprint multistage mass spectra allowed the rapid identification of 3 major long-chain bases and their exact pairing with 11 different fatty acids and with carbohydrate headgroups. Thus, the structures of 21 ceramide and cerebroside species, among which 7 molecules never reported before, were unambiguously assigned. Results obtained in this study demonstrated that this analytical approach could provide a reliable and sensitive method to obtain the qualitative on-line profiling of ceramides and cerebrosides in new medicinal plant matrices.     

脑苷肌肽对脑出血应用的临床疗效观察

目的探索脑苷肌肽注射液在急性脑出血病人早期应用对病情预后和神经功能恢复的影响。方法观察56例高血压急性脑出血病人，随机分为治疗组和对照组各28例；两组常规治疗相同，治疗组早期应用脑苷肌肽注射液以APACHElI评分标准和格拉斯哥昏迷量表（Glascow coma scaleGCS）评定脑损伤程度。结果两组治疗前病情危重程度、昏迷程度无组间差异（P〉0．05）；两组治疗后APACHEⅡ评分和GCS评分有组间差异（P〈0．05）；两组治疗前后二项评分分别有差异（P〈0．05）。治疗组病例病情稳定和减轻所需时间较对照组要短，同时各种并发症如应激性高血糖、上消化道出血、各种感染等治疗组要比对照组少、或轻、或易控制；治疗组死亡10例，对照组11例，两组死亡例数比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论急性脑出血后在神经细胞转变为不可逆损伤之前尽早应用脑苷肌肽，具有较好的促苏醒作用，减少或减轻因脑出血而引发的各种严重并发症；提高病人的生存质量，降低或减轻致残率；但对死亡率无影响。     

Lipid hexose: Phosphorus ratio as an aid to the diagnosis of congenital myelin defects in lambs and piglets

Summary Congenital myelin dysgenesis in lambs and piglets can be characterised by the analysis of whole spinal cord for extractable lipid, cerebroside (measured as lipid hexose) and total phospholipid contents.Compared with other constituents like phospholipid, the proportion of cerebroside in extracted lipid increases sharply as normal myelination commences. Thereafter, and until myelination is complete, the increasing total spinal cord lipid content is correlated with the lipid hexose: phosphorus ratio and this can be regarded as an index of myelination.Impaired myelination in neonatal spinal cord is characterised by a low total lipid content and a low value for the ratio which is normally about 3.1 in lambs and 2.7 in piglets. This was confirmed in piglets suffering from cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis congenita and in lambs affected with Border Disease.

---

Zusammenfassung Die kongenitale Markdysgenesie bei Lämmern und Schweinchen kann mittels der Analyse des Gesamtrückenmarks auf extrahierbares Lipid, Cerebrosid (gemessen als Lipidhexose) und Gesamtphospholipid-Gehalt charakterisiert werden.Verglichen mit den anderen Markbausteinen wie Phospholipid steigt der Anteil von Cerebrosid im extrahierten Lipid steil an, sobald die normale Bemarkung beginnt. Hernach und bis zum Abschluß der Bemarkung ist der ansteigende Gesamtrückenmarkslipidgehalt korreliert mit dem Lipidhexose: Phosphor-Verhältnis, was als ein Bemarkungsindex betrachtet werden kann.Die gestörte Bemarkung im Neugeborenenrückenmark ist durch einen niedrigen Gesamtlipidgehalt und einen hohen Wert für das Verhältnis, das normalerweise um 3,1 bei Lämmern und 2,7 bei Schweinchen liegt, charakterisiert. Dies wurde bei Schweinchen, die an angeborener cerebrospinaler Hypomyelinogenese litten, und bei Lämmern, die von Border Disease befallen waren, bestätigt.

     

A new cerebroside from Uvaria tonkinensis var. subglabra

A new cerebroside, subglain A (1), together with five known compounds (2–6) have been isolated from the stems of Uvaria tonkinensis var. subglabra. The structure of 1 has been determined to be 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,8Z,2′R)-2-[N-(2′-hydroxytetracosanyl)-N-(1″,2″-dihydroxyethyl)-amide]-8-tetradecene-1,3,4-triol by spectroscopic evidence. The known compounds were identified as schisandriside (2), erythritol (3), β-D-glucopyranose (4), kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside (5), and (+)-lyoniresinol (6).     

Polyensäuren in den Gehirn-Sphingolipiden von Personen mit alkohol-toxischer Lebercirrhose

Zusammenfassung In den Cerebrosiden und Sphingomyelinen 6 menschlicher Gehirne von Patienten mit alkoholtoxischer Lebercirrhose wurden neben Veränderungen der Zusammensetzung der normalen Fettsäuren geringe Mengen Polyensäuren vom Linol- und Linolensäure-Typ gefunden. Der Gehalt dieser Säuren (Arachidon-, Docosatetraen- und Docosahexaensäure) differiert zwischen den einzelnen Regionen der untersuchten Gehirne. Abgesehen von geringen Mengen Diensäuren konnten bisher keine Polyensäuren in den Sphingolipiden normaler menschlicher Gehirne nachgewiesen werden.     

依达拉奉联合脑苷肌肽治疗重症颅脑损伤患者的疗效

目的 探讨依达拉奉联合脑苷肌肽治疗重症颅脑损伤患者的临床效果。方法 选择余江县人民医院2017年5月~2018年6月收诊的重症颅脑损伤患者50例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,每组25例。对照组给予脑苷肌肽治疗,观察组则在对照组的基础上联合依达拉奉治疗。比较两组治疗前后丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、脑钠肽（BNP）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）水平及临床疗效。结果 治疗后两组的MDA、MPO、NSE、GFAP水平均比治疗前降低,SOD、GSH-Px、BNP水平均比治疗前升高,且观察组各指标改善程度优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组的治疗总有效率（96.00%）高于对照组（76.00%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 依达拉奉联合脑苷肌肽治疗重症颅脑损伤的效果确切,可有效抑制患者机体的氧化应激水平,促进神经功能尽早恢复。