Clinicopathological study of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)-associated pyelonephritis in renal transplantation

Abstract:  We retrospectively studied the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)-associated pyelonephritis using renal biopsies obtained from the transplanted kidneys, and correlated the histological changes with clinical parameters. Out of a total of 131 renal biopsies performed between 1990 and 2001 on renal transplant patients at the department of Urology of Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 12 patients showed pyuria more than twice in a single year. Seven of these 12 patients were available for determining VUR by voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Cystoureterography demonstrated VUR in three of seven studied patients with pyuria. A histopathological examination revealed dilatation of both proximal and distal tubules in renal biopsies of transplant patients with VUR, compared to renal biopsies of transplant patients without VUR, or non-transplanted patients with thin membrane disease. One of the patients with VUR showed advanced features of chronic pyelonephritis in four consecutive biopsies at different time points, suggesting a late stage of reflux nephropathy in the transplanted kidney. We conclude from our study that the occurrence of VUR-related pyelonephritis may be one of the important long-term complications in the survival of renal allografts.     

Emphysematous pyelonephritis and renal amoebiasis in a patient with diabetes mellitus

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is an uncommon and life-threatening infection of the kidney that is characterized by gas formation within or around the kidney and is associated with diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection. Amoebiasis is a protozoal infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica. In its invasive forms, the disease is characterized by visceral abscess formations. We present a case of concomitant emphysematous pyelonephritis and renal amoebiasis in a 42-year-old female with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The patient did not respond well to initial supportive treatment and antibiotherapy. Therefore, nephrectomy was performed. She did extremely well after the operation and was discharged with antidiabetics and antibiotics.     

Coexistence of renal replacement lipomatosis with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

We report on a case of coexistence of replacement lipomatosis with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) in the same kidney associated with staghorn calculi. A 63-year-old man was admitted to hospital complaining of a right abdominal mass. Computed tomography (CT) showed renal parenchymal atrophy with extremely increased perirenal fat. Right nephrectomy was performed. Postoperative diagnosis was renal replacement lipomatosis with XGP. Renal replacement lipomatosis and XGP have several similarities in terms of clinical background and CT findings. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate them from malignant diseases. It is extremely rare that both conditions coexist in the same kidney. To our knowledge, only one such case has been reported.     

益肾清利化瘀汤对急性肾盂肾炎大鼠病理改变的影响

目的 探讨益肾清利化瘀汤治疗尿路感染的实验室依据。方法 建立急性肾孟肾炎大鼠模型，以左氧氟沙星为对照，观察益肾清利化瘀汤对该模型的肾脏病理学改变的影响。结果 与模型组相比，益肾清利化瘀汤组和左氧氟沙星组肾孟炎症较轻，表现在肾脏纵切面仅见有粘膜充血，第7、15天肾孟粘膜病理和间质区较少的灶性淋巴细胞浸润；而模型组可见到肾包膜紧张和肾孟扩张，以及光镜下明显的灶性淋巴细胞浸润。结论 益肾清利化瘀汤能部分减轻该模型的急性肾孟炎症。     

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: MRI findings in the diffuse and the focal type

Two cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) are presented with emphasis on MR appearances. One case is the diffuse type of XGP secondary to chronic obstruction caused by transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. The other case is the focal or “tumefactive” type of XGP which mimics renal cell carcinoma. Received: 15 February 1999; Revised: 14 June 1999; Accepted: 8 July 1999     

The treatment of chronic pyelonephritis with carindacillin

Summary

Forty-two patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis were treated with 1 g carindacillin every 6 hours over a period of 6 weeks. An underlying urological disease was present in 84% of the 38 patients for whom sufficient data were available for evaluation. The results of carindacillin treatment, as judged by bacteriological evaluation I month post-treatment, were good in 12 (32%) and moderate in 9 of the patients. This success rate was remarkable in that all of the patients had been treated previously with one or more other antibiotics and chemo-therapeutic agents with little or no response. The authors recommend that, because carindacillin has proved so valuable in treating chronic as well as acute urinary tract infections, its use should be limited to patients with serious disease who have not responded to other treatment.     

Nephrectomy for Non-neoplastic Kidney Diseases

This review discusses the pathology of non-neoplastic kidney disease that pathologists may encounter as nephrectomy specimens. The spectrum of pediatric disease is emphasized. Histopathologic assessment of non-neoplastic nephrectomy specimens must be interpreted in the clinical context for accurate diagnosis. Although molecular pathology is not the primary focus of this review, the genetics underlying several of these diseases are also touched on.     

Plazomicin: an investigational therapy for the treatment of urinary tract infections

Introduction: Living in the ever-expanding era of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and even pandrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms, the medical community is facing the approaching fear of the “End of Antibiotics.” Plazomicin is a next-generation aminoglycoside designed to evade all clinically relevant aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, the main mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance. A newer aminoglycoside active against several MDR-XDR microorganisms is herein presented and discussed.

Areas covered: Herein, the authors present the currently available information on plazomicin. This includes the current knowledge concerning plazomicin’s: mechanisms of action, in vitro activity and interactions, its pharmacokinetics, its clinical efficacy in complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and acute pyelonephritis, and its toxicity issues.

Expert opinion: Plazomicin was developed to evade all clinically relevant aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Unfortunately, ribosomal enzymatic modification by ribosomal 16S-rRNA methyltransferases confers broad-spectrum high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Still, plazomicin demonstrates high activity against the Enterobacteriaceae including extended spectrum beta lactamase and most carbapenemase producers, as well as several of the non-fermenters. When compared to levofloxacin, the in vivo activity of plazomicin in complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and in acute pyelonephritis in humans was very promising. Furthermore, regarding safety, no clinically significant effects on renal, vestibular, or cochlear function have been observed both at Phase I and II studies in humans, with mild to moderate adverse events being dose related. However, the authors believe that the real position of plazomicin in the MDR-XDR world will be revealed once pending Phase III studies are completed.     

New polymyxin derivatives that display improved efficacy in animal infection models as compared to polymyxin B and colistin

Polymyxin B and colistin (polymyxin E) are bactericidal pentacationic lipopeptides that act specifically on Gram‐negative bacteria, first by disrupting their outermost permeability barrier, the outer membrane (OM), and then damaging the cytoplasmic membrane. The discovery of both polymyxin B and colistin was published independently by three laboratories as early as in 1947. They were subsequently used in intravenous therapy. Unfortunately, they also exhibit significant and dose‐limiting nephrotoxicity. Therefore, polymyxins were reserved as agents of last‐line defense. The emergence of extremely multiresistant strains has now forced clinicians to reinstate polymyxins in the therapy of severe infections. However, the current dosage regimens lead to insufficient drug concentrations in serum and clinicians have been advised to use larger doses, which further increases the risk of nephrotoxicity. Very recently, the interest in developing better tolerated and more effective polymyxins has grown. This review focuses on describing four development programs that have yielded novel derivatives that are more effective than the old polymyxins in animal infection models. Compounds from three programs are superior to the old polymyxins in the rodent lung infection model with Acinetobacter baumannii and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of them is also more effective than polymyxin B in A. baumannii mouse thigh infection. The fourth program includes compounds that are approximately tenfold more effective in Escherichia coli murine pyelonephritis than polymyxin B.     

血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平与急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻肟钠治疗预后的相关性

目的 探讨血清转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)水平与急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻肟钠治疗预后的相关性。方法 选取2019年7月-2021年7月于我院采用孢噻肟钠治疗的急性肾盂肾炎患者60例,治疗2周后,观察患者预后情况并分为预后不良组与预后良好组,所有患者治疗前均接受血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平检测,分析血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平与急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻肟钠治疗预后的相关性。结果 60例急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻肟钠治疗预后不良8例(13.33%),预后良好52例(86.67%);经Logistic回归分析,结果显示,血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平与急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻污钠治疗预后不良相关(OR>1, P<0.05);绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平单独及联合预测急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻肟钠治疗预后的AUC>0.8,具有一定预测价值,其中联合预测价值最高。结论 血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平与急性肾盂肾炎患者头孢噻肟钠治疗预后密切相关,临床可通过检测血清TGF-β1、IL-17水平预测急性肾盂肾炎患者预后情况。