经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检203例临床分析

目的评估经直肠超声引导的前列腺六针穿刺活检在前列腺癌及前列腺其他疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断的价值。方法对指肛检查阳性，血清PSA〉4pg／L及经直肠超声检查前列腺声像图异常怀疑有占位性病变的203人进行经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检的203例病理结果：良性前列腺增生（BPH）104例占51．24％，前列腺癌（PCa）95例占46．80％，前列腺结核及前列腺平滑肌肉瘤各2例，分别占0．98％。结论经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检其操作简单，病人痛苦小，并发症少，较安全。在前列腺癌及其他前列腺疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的临床价值。     

Role of transrectal ultrasonography in the evaluation of azoospermic men with low-volume ejaculate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of distal ejaculatory system defects with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) among patients evaluated for azoospermia. METHODS: Forty-two patients with low-volume ejaculate and azoospermia were evaluated by physical examination, serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone level determination, karyotyping, selective screening for cystic fibrosis mutations, and TRUS. RESULTS: On physical examination, in 29 patients (69%), either 1 (12 patients) or both (17 patients) of the vasa deferentia could not be palpated. In the group of 17 patients with bilateral involvement of the vasa deferentia, the ultrasonographic imaging universally showed bilateral absence or hypoplasia of the seminal vesicles with bilateral agenesis of the vasa deferentia and nonvisualization of both ejaculatory ducts. In the patients with a unilateral abnormality on physical examination, the ultrasonographic imaging showed absence of the ipsilateral seminal vesicle in 7 patients and the hypoplastic seminal vesicle in 5. In the group of 13 patients with normal physical examination findings, a variety of obstructive causes were diagnosed by TRUS examination. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, TRUS appears to be a sensitive method for evaluating the anatomy of the distal ejaculatory system. Its safety and low costs make it a good alternative to the other invasive and expensive methods.     

经直肠超声诊断前列腺增生的价值

目的 :探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声对前列腺增生的诊断价值。方法 :应用经直肠彩色多普勒超声检测 38例前列腺增生患者 ,计算体积、重量 ,按重量分五组 :≤ 2 0 g,2 0 g～ 2 5 g,2 6 g～ 5 0 g,5 1g～ 75 g,≥ 76 g,并测定分析血流动力学参数。结果 :前列腺增生患者前列腺内腺增大回声不均匀 ,可合并内外腺之间弧形小结石和内腺小囊肿 ,可有增生结节 ,腺体内血流信号增加 ,组内、组间收缩期峰值血流速度 (Vs)、阻力指数 (RI)均有统计学差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并与重量呈正相关。结论 :经直肠彩色多普勒超声是目前临床上前列腺最佳检查方法之一 ,有助于临床对前列腺增生的准确诊断。     

The trues behind TRUS in the setting of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

ObjectiveWe sought to explore the yield of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).Materials and methodsThe records of all patients, who were referred for TRUS caused by CP/CPPS, were retrospectively reviewed. Digital rectal examination (DRE) was performed before TRUS. The following parameters were recorded: prostatic length; width; height; volume; external border; peripheral zone (PZ); transitional zone (TZ); TZ/PZ border; seminal vesicles appearance (SV); presence of median lobe; dilation of vas deferens (VD) or ejaculatory duct (ED); and presence of significant postvoid residual (PVR). Unique sonographic findings, if present, were recorded as well. Data were compared to those of an age-matched control group that had undergone the same imaging for other reasons.ResultsTwo hundred and sixteen patients with suspected CP/CPPS underwent DRE and TRUS. Per DRE, their prostates appeared smaller and homogeneous compared with the control group. Differences seen in TRUS between the study and the control groups, respectively, were as follows: fewer irregularities, fewer hypoechoic areas in PZ; fewer cystic spaces, fewer enlarged median lobes in TZ; less ED dilation; more calcifications; more VD dilation; and more periurethral vascularity. No differences were seen in SV parameters and in PVR. None of the patients has been given different diagnosis or treatment following TRUS.ConclusionThe findings of TRUS studies in patients with suspected CP/CPPS are not pathognomonic for this entity, and TRUS is therefore considered as having very little yield in this setting.     

【原创论文】不育夫妇中男方的代谢综合征与前列腺异常的情况

目前尚无年轻男性不育症患者代谢综合征与前列腺相关的症状和体征之间关系的系统研究。我们研究了171对不育夫妇中的男性（36．5±8．3岁），代谢综合征是根据国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗专题小组第三次报告确定。所有人接受了激素（包括总睾酮和胰岛素）、精液f包括白细胞介素8，精浆中白细胞介素8（SIL-8））、阴囊及经直肠超声评估。因为我们此前已有大样本队列研究了不育男性代谢综合征和阴囊检测指标之间的相关性，这里我们重点研究代谢综合征与经直肠前列腺B超资料的相关性。前列腺相关症状采用美国国立卫生研究院评估慢性前列腺炎症状指数（NIH-CPSI）和国际前列腺症状评分（iPSS）。22位受试者符合代谢综合征的诊断标准。经年龄调整后的有序多项Logistic回归模型分析显示：胰岛素水平增加是代谢综合征的一个组分（Wald=29．5，P〈0．0001）并与TT负相关（调整后的r=0．359，P〈O．0001）。未观察到代谢综合征和NIH．CPSI或IPSS评分之间有相关性。经年龄、睾酮、胰岛素校正后有序多项Logistic回归模型显示：代谢综合征组分数目的增加与正常精子形态负相关（Wald=5．59，P〈0．02）、与前列腺炎症的分子标志物血清sIL-8水平正相关（Wald=4．32，P〈0．05），与前列腺总体积和移行带体积（Wald=17．6和12．5，P〈0．0001）、动脉收缩期峰值流速（Wald=9．57，P=0．002）、质地不均匀性（HR=8711．05—3．33]，P〈0．05）、钙化灶大小（Wald=3．11，P〈0．05）正相关，但不与精囊体积或功能指标正相关。总之，不育夫妇中的男性代谢综合征与前列腺增大、生化指标（sIL8）和前列腺炎症的超声指标呈正相关，而与前列腺相关症状无正相关，表明代谢综合征可能是良性前列腺增生症的早期亚临床表现的触发点。     

兔肝VX2瘤血供程度对HIFU作用效果影响的初步研究

目的 探讨兔肝VX2瘤实质期血供程度对高能聚焦超声(HIFU)后肿瘤靶点处温度及凝固性坏死体积(V)大小的影响,为进一步精确控制HIFU剂量、提高治疗效率提供实验依据.方法 制作瘤兔24只并分成:10、15、20 d、无血供组(10 d成模后处死)4组,在对应时间进行相同参数HIFU辐照,对靶点实时测温,做出时间-温度曲线(TTC),测量V,对坏死周边残存肿瘤组织及正常肝组织进行微血管密度(MVD)计数.结果 (1)肿瘤MVD:10 d组＞15 d组＞20 d组(P＜0.05).(2)峰值温度(Tmax)、峰值时间(T1)、温升斜率(k1):10 d组、15 d组、20 d组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),此三组与无血供组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)温降斜率(k2):10 d组＞15d组＞20 d组＞无血供组(P＜0.05);温降时间(T2):10 d组＜15 d组＜20 d组＜无血供组(P＜0.05);(4)V:10 d组＜15 d组＜20 d组＜无血供组(P＜0.05).结论 肿瘤血供程度对HIFU“温升”过程无显著影响,而对“冷却”过程有显著的影响.肿瘤血供越丰富,辐照后散热越快,组织越易恢复到正常温度,形成V越小.     

经直肠腔内三维超声在肛瘘诊断中的价值

目的分析经直肠腔内三维超声对肛瘘的检出情况。方法 57例临床和术后证实的肛瘘患者,应用三维超声探查肛瘘并推注过氧化氢超声造影。结果 57例肛瘘患者,三维超声检出率100%。除去9例内盲瘘,内口检出率为33.3%(16/48),瘘道超声造影后检出率提高到60.4%(29/48);继发瘘道检出率为29.2%(14/48),继发瘘道超声造影后检出率提高到37.5%(18/48)。结论经直肠腔内三维超声结合瘘道过氧化氢超声造影可为外科手术提供更多的信息,指导手术。     

Direct observation of procedural skills to improve validity of students' measurement of prostate volume in predicting treatment outcomes

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether using the direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) tool improves the accuracy of students’ performance for clinical skill assessment.Materials and MethodsOutcome- and clinical-based evidence results were analyzed for prostate size measurement for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), including digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Patients were stratified into three clinical groups based on the results of DRE and TRUS. Clinical outcomes were correlated between DRE and TRUS for prostate size. We designed a DOPS study in a clinical setting with actual patients in which DRE and TRUS results for prostate volume measurement were compared in order to determine their correlation.ResultsThe DRE of patients with mild, moderate, and severe BPH showed prostate size variations. The correlation between DRE and TRUS showed that DRE underestimated prostate size in the severe hyperplasia group (>60 mL) and was more accurate in the moderate hyperplasia group (40–60 mL). The implementation of DOPS for prostate size measurement improved students' self-assessed communication and counseling skills. The study results show that the DOPS tool improved students' prostate measurement techniques and skills (Cronbach's α > 0.70).ConclusionWe demonstrated that students’ clinical skills for the measurement of prostate size improved after the implementation of the DOPS tool in DRE to determine prostate size accurately in the clinical teaching program. Clinicians can enhance clinical skills education in certain circumstances with strategic incorporation of tools for direct observation into medical student training programs. By using the DOPS scoring system and reviewing faculty feedback, trainees can improve their accuracy of prostate size measurements.