α1受体激动对浦肯野纤维延迟后除极的双相效应

用乙酰毒毛旋花子甙元（ＡＳ）２×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ中毒诱发绵羊心室浦肯野纤维产生延迟后除极（ＤＡＤ）作为模型，在心得安５×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ作用下观察苯肾上腺素（ＰＥ）１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、３×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ等不同浓度对ＤＡＤ幅值的影响。６０ｍｉｎ持续灌流中，前２０ｍｉｎＤＡＤ幅值分别增加８％、９％和１０％（每一浓度ｎ＝８，Ｐ＜０．０５）；随后４０ｍｉｎ内，ＤＡＤ幅值呈剂量依赖性减小，ＰＥ１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ减值６．９±０．２％（ｎ＝８，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＥ３×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ减值１３．９±０．１％（ｎ＝８，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＥ１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ减值１８．６±０．２％（ｎ＝８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＰＥ的作用可被哌唑嗪５×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ所阻断，提示ＰＥ作用经α１受体兴奋引起。     

Role of action potential shortening in the prevention of arrhythmias in canine cardiac tissue

1. The effects of the K+ channel opener diazoxide and the oxime-containing Ca2+ and K+ channel blocker salicylaldoxime were tested in canine cardiac Purkinje tissue. 2. Both drugs shortened action potential duration (APD). For salicylaldoxime (0.1-1.0 mmol/L), the reductions in APD were statistically significant at the 25% level of repolarization (APD25) for 0.1 mmol/L (P < 0.05, n = 14) and 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (P < 0.01, n = 6), at the 50% level of repolarization (APD50) for 0.1 mmol/L (P < 0.05, n = 14) and 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (P < 0.01, n = 6) and at the 90% level of repolarization (APD90) for 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (P < 0.01, n = 6). In contrast, diazoxide (0.05-0.1 mmol/L) significantly shortened APD at all levels of repolarizations, with the APD50 and APD90 reduced most significantly (P < 0.01, n = 6) for higher concentrations of the drug (0.07-0.1 mmol/L). Both drugs significantly reduced the force of contraction. 3. Diazoxide (10 experiments) was more potent in suppressing strophanthidin-induced arrhythmias than salicylaldoxime (three of seven experiments). Salicylaldoxime reduced APD even further in the presence of diazoxide. 4. Although salicylaldoxime and diazoxide modulate different ion channels, it appears APD shortening may be a necessary, but insufficient, factor for the suppression of strophanthidin-induced arrhythmias.     

Effects of acetyl strophanthidin on duration of atrial fibrillation in the neurally-intact and blockaded dog

Summary Although the inotropic and dromotropic effects of cardiac glycosides in atrial fibrillation (AF) are well recognized, their action on AF itself is not clear. Accordingly, to determine whether cardiac glycosides prolong AF, the duration of electrically induced AF, atrioventricular conduction, and left ventricular function were assessed for 30 minutes before and for 30 minutes following intravenous administration of acetyl strophanthidin (AS), 20 g/kg, in neurally intact, -blocked, and -blocked and vagotomized dogs. In the intact dog, AS, 20 g/kg, increased peak dp/dt by 132±35 mmHg·sec^-1, p<0.05, and slowed ventricular response by 16±7 min^-1, p<0.05, but had a variable effect on Af duration. While the increased left ventricular peak dp/dt persisted for 15 minutes after AS, an increased duration of AF was evident only at 20 minutes, when the effects of AS on left ventricular (LV) inotropy were no longer apparent. Moreover, the subset of dogs that did not demonstrate prolongation of average duration of AF after AS had a greater increment of peak dp/dt than those that showed prolongation, 237±52 versus 53±31 mmHg·sec^-1, p<0.05. An additional 20 g/kg, which produced ventricular extrasystoles, prolonged AF duration when compared to both control and 30-minute measurements. Acetyl strophanthidin, 20 g/kg, had a variable effect on duration of AF with -blockde but prolonged duration by 114±34%, p<0.05, with both vagotomy and -blockade. Thus the conclusion is reached that, at a clinically relevant dosage, cardiac glycosides did not exert a statistically significant influence on duration of AF; at a toxic dosage, however, an AF-enhancing effect was apparent. The inotropic effects of cardiac glycosides appear to obscure this effect. An AF-enhancing action of cardiac glycosides in the presence of neurohumoral blockade suggests that the effects on AF may not only be vagally mediated.     

Vulnerability of Medium Spiny Striatal Neurons to Glutamate: Role of Na+/K+ ATPase

In Huntington's disease neuronal degeneration mainly involves medium-sized spiny neurons. It has been postulated that both excitotoxic mechanisms and energy metabolism failure are implicated in the neuronal degeneration observed in Huntington's disease. In central neurons, >40% of the energy released by respiration is used by Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase to maintain ionic gradients. Considering that impairment of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity might alter postsynaptic responsivity to excitatory amino acids (EAAs), we investigated the effects of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase inhibitors, ouabain and strophanthidin, on the responses to different agonists of EAA receptors in identified medium-sized spiny neurons electrophysiologically recorded in the current- and voltage-clamp modes. In most of the cells both ouabain and strophanthidin (1–3 μM) did not cause significant change in the membrane properties of the recorded neurons. Higher doses of either ouabain (30 μM) or strophanthidin (30 μM) induced, per se, an irreversible inward current coupled to an increase in conductance, leading to cell deterioration. Moreover, both ouabain (1–10 μM) and strophanthidin (1–10 μM) dramatically increased the membrane depolarization and the inward current produced by subcritical concentrations of glutamate, AMPA and NMDA. These concentrations of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase inhibitors also increased the membrane responses induced by repetitive cortical activation. In addition, since it had previously been proposed that dopamine mimics the effects of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase inhibitors and that dopamine agonists differentially regulate the postsynaptic responses to EAAs, we tested the possible modulation of EAA-induced membrane depolarization and inward current by dopamine agonists. Neither dopamine nor selective dopamine agonists or antagonists affected the postsynaptic responses to EAAs. Our experiments show that impairment of the activity of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase may render striatal neurons more sensitive to the action of glutamate, lowering the threshold for the excitotoxic events. Our data support neither the role of dopamine as an ouabain-like agent nor the differential modulatory action of dopamine receptors on the EAA-induced responses in the striatum.     

毒毛旋花子苷元对豚鼠心室肌细胞内钙浓度的影响

观察毒毛旋花子苷元(strophanthidin, Str)对分离豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度(［Ca²⁺］_i)的影响。酶解分离豚鼠心室肌细胞, 用Fluo 3-AM负载, 激光共聚焦显微镜法测定单个豚鼠心室肌细胞［Ca²⁺］_i的荧光密度。Str可浓度依赖性地升高［Ca²⁺］_i, Str (10 μmol·L^-1)在［Ca²⁺］_i升高达峰值时, 可使细胞挛缩, 而Str (1和10 nmol·L^-1)对细胞形态无影响。TTX、 尼索地平或升高细胞外钙可影响Str (1和100 nmol·L^-1)对［Ca²⁺］_i的升高作用,而对Str (10 μmol·L^-1)无明显影响。在外液中加入ryanodine或去除细胞外钙, 则3个检测浓度的Str升高［Ca²⁺］_i作用均被明显抑制。在无K⁺、 无Na⁺液中, 10 μmol·L^-1 Str升高［Ca²⁺］_i的作用减弱, 而Str (1和100 nmol·L^-1)升高［Ca²⁺］_i的作用无明显影响。加入TTX、 尼索地平或增加细胞外的钙离子浓度, 则3个检测浓度Str的作用均受到影响。提示低浓度Str对［Ca²⁺］_i的升高作用与抑制Na⁺、K⁺-ATP酶活性无关, 而与促进L-型钙通道和TTX敏感性钠通道的“slip-mode”钙电导有关; 高浓度Str升高［Ca²⁺］_i的作用则是抑制Na⁺、K⁺-ATP酶的结果。此外, Str对［Ca²⁺］_i的升高作用还与直接作用于ryanodine受体促进内钙释放有关。     

低浓度毒毛旋花子苷原对离体豚鼠衰竭心脏的影响

目的　研究低浓度毒毛旋花子苷原 (strophanthidin ,Str)对离体衰竭心脏心功能及心肌细胞膜Na+,K+ ATP酶活性的影响。方法　Langendorff离体心脏灌流装置制备戊巴比妥钠心衰模型 ,八道生理记录仪测定不同浓度Str对心功能的影响 ,无机磷法测定各组心肌细胞膜Na+,K+ ATP酶活性。结果　Str 1× 10 -9～ 1× 10 -7mol·L-1均能不同程度地持续增加衰竭心脏的心率、左室收缩压及左室收缩的最大速率 ,但 1× 10 -7mol·L-1对Na+,K+ ATP酶活性无明显抑制 ,1× 10 -10 ～ 1× 10 -8mol·L-1则可升高Na+,K+ ATP酶的活性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。 1× 10 -6 ～ 1× 10 -4 mol·L-1可使心功能指标先升高、后降低 ,且伴有心脏收缩不规则和心律失常 ,也可剂量依赖性地抑制Na+,K+ ATP酶活性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　高浓度Str的正性肌力及伴有的心脏毒性作用是通过抑制Na+,K+ ATP酶实现的 ;而低浓度的正性肌力作用则和Na+,K+ ATP酶抑制无关     

MECHANISMS OF LIDOCAINE ACTIONS ON NORMAL AND ABNORMAL RHYTHMS IN CANINE CARDIAC TISSUES IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

1. The actions of lidocaine on cardiac pacemaker rhythms were studied in anaesthetized dogs and in Purkinje fibres from hearts of the same animals. 2. In vivo, lidocaine (1 mg/kg, intravenously) slowed the sino-atrial (SA) node rhythm (-5.0%), and (during vagal stimulation) prolonged ventricular standstill by +25.1% and slowed the idioventricular rhythm (-16.7%). A higher dose (4 mg/kg) had more pronounced effects. 3. Propranolol also slowed sinus (-26.2%) and idioventricular (-27.2%) rhythms, and prolonged ventricular standstill (+36.8%). In the presence of propranolol, the effects of lidocaine on idioventricular rhythm were exaggerated. 4. In Purkinje fibres driven in vitro, lidocaine (10 mumol/L) decreased contractile force (-47.9%) and (during the interruption of drive) prolonged the suppression of (+53.2%) and slowed the escape rhythm (-67.0%). 5. In the presence of lidocaine the threshold potential was shifted to less negative values and diastolic depolarization slope was decreased (-23.6%). 6. Lidocaine slowed spontaneously active Purkinje fibres, abolished early afterdepolarizations in low [K]o and slow responses in high [K]o (by shifting the threshold to less negative values), and antagonized strophanthidin arrhythmias. 7. TTX reduced the hyperpolarization by lidocaine in low [K]o and vice versa. 8. We conclude that lidocaine enhances vagally-induced ventricular standstill by depressing the idioventricular rhythm far more than the sinus rhythm, an action enhanced by beta-blockade. Furthermore, lidocaine depresses normal and different types of abnormal automaticity through direct and indirect effects of the blockade of the fast sodium channel.     

Electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of the K-channel opener,BRL 34915, in cardiac purkinje fibers

The effects of BRL 34915 (6cyano-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-trans-4-[2-oxo-1-pyrrolidyl]-2H-benzo[b]pyran-3-ol, to be referred to as BRL) on the electromechanical properties of superfused dog and sheep ventricular Purkinje fibers were studied in vitro. At 5 μM, BRL shortened the action potential and decreased contractile force; these effects were greater in dog than in sheep Purkinje fibers. BRL reduced the slope and amplitude of diastolic depolarization measured during interruptions of drive. BRL suppressed spontaneous activity and antagonized the enhancement of automatic discharge induced by norepinephrine (0.5 μM), barium (50 μM), or strophanthidin (0.5 μM). BRL reduced or abolished the oscillatory potentials induced by high [Ca²⁺]_o (10.8 mM). It also antagonized the spontaneous responses in low [K⁺]_o (1 mM) and hyperpolarized fibers depolarized in a K-free solution. It is concluded that BRL modifies the action potential and force and has antiarrhythmic actions as it antagonizes abnormal pacemaker activity in Purkinje fibers by modifying potassium conductance and secondarily reducing intracellular calcium.     

低浓度毒毛旋花子苷元的强心作用及其与心肌细胞膜Na~＋，K~＋-ATP酶的关系

目的:观察低浓度的毒毛旋花子苷原(Strophanthidin,Str)对离体豚鼠心脏是否有强心作用,及其与心肌细胞膜Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性的关系。方法:采用Langendorff离体灌流装置经主动脉逆行灌流心脏;八道生理记录仪记录心率(HR),左室内压(LVP)及其最大变化速率(±dP/dt_(max));无机磷法测定心肌细胞膜Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性。结果:Str 0.1nmol/L可兴奋Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性(P<0.05)但不影响心脏的收缩功能,Str 1nmol/L仅能升高+dP/dt_(max)(P<0.05)并兴奋Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性(P<0.01),Str 10和100 nmol/L可升高LVP和+dP/dt_(max)(P<0.05或P<0.01),对Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性无明显作用,Str 1-100μmol/L虽能短暂升高LVP和±dp/dt_(max)(P<0.01),但随后出现不规则收缩并使LVP和±dP/dt_(max)降低,其对Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性则表现为剂量依赖性抑制作用(P<0.01)。结论:高浓度Str的正性肌力作用是通过抑制Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性实现的,而低浓度Str的强心作用似与Na~+,K~+-ATP酶抑制作用无关。     

毒毛旋花子苷原对正常和心衰心肌单细胞收缩力和钙瞬变的作用

目的检测毒毛旋花子苷原(Str)对正常和心衰心肌单细胞收缩力和钙瞬变的作用。方法采用降主动脉缩窄建立豚鼠慢性充血性心力衰竭模型,酶解法急性分离左室心肌细胞,同步检测Str对单个正常细胞(NC)和心衰细胞(FC)收缩力和钙瞬变的影响,并检测Str是否具有钙增敏作用。结果0.1、1、10、25μmol.L-1Str可使NC和FC收缩幅度、钙瞬变幅度呈剂量依赖性增大;同剂量时,Str对FC的作用比NC更明显;但Str对NC和FC收缩时程及钙瞬变时程均无影响。Str对NC具有钙增敏作用,而对FC没有。结论Str增加FC的收缩力和钙瞬变作用比NC更明显,而Str仅对NC具有钙增敏作用。