Background: Xenon is an odorless gas with low blood-gas solubility coefficient and without occupational and environmental hazards. This investigation was performed to evaluate the speed of induction, and respiratory and cardiovascular reactions to inhalation induction with xenon compared to an equianesthetic concentration of sevoflurane. Results: Compared to equianesthetic sevoflurane, xenon produced a faster induction of anesthesia (14759 versus 71221 s, respectively) with smaller decreases in respiratory rate, tidal volume and minute ventilation. Both agents showed comparable cardiovascular stability and oxygen saturation during induction. One patient in the sevoflurane group had breath-holding and movements of extremities and another had only breath-holding. No patients in the xenon group experienced any complications. Conclusion: Xenon produced a faster induction of anesthesia without any complications than sevoflurane. Xenon had smaller decreases in tidal volume and respiratory rate during induction than sevoflurane. Xenon might offer an alternative to sevoflurane for an inhalation induction. Method Twenty-four adult ASA 1–2 patients premedicated with 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam were instructed to take vital capacity breaths of 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of either xenon or sevoflurane until they lost consciousness. Induction time, total ventilatory volume, tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, end-tidal MAC fraction, cardiovascular parameters and oxygen saturation were recorded. The patients were interviewed on the following day to evaluate their acceptability rating of the inhalation inductions. 相似文献
Study Objective: To compare the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane with halothane, enfurane, and isof urane on the uptake and biotransformation in humans.
Design: Prospective pharmacokinetic study of sevofurane administration in human subjects.
Setting: Inpatient surgery clinic at a university medical center.
Patients: Thirty-two Japanese patients, free of systemic diseases, undergoing minor elective surgery with endotracheal general anesthesia.
Interventions: The patients were assigned randomly to one of four groups: halothane, enflurane, isofurane, or sevofurane. One of the four volatile anesthetics being investigated [equivalent to 1.1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC): halothane, 0.85%; enfurane, 1.85%; isofurane, 1.27%; and sevofurane, 1.88%; in inspired concentrations throughout the first hour of anesthesia] was administered for 60 minutes.
Measurements and Main Results: In all patients, serum and urinary fluoride concentrations were measured. The concentrations of all gases were measured separately with a mass spectrometer. The cumulative uptake of each anesthetic agent during a certain period was calculated as an integration of the uptake rate per minute. The results for one-hour inhalation of sevofurane (1.1 MAC) showed an uptake (corrected for body surface area and MAC) of 490 ml/m2/MAC and estimated degradation rate of 3.3%. For purposes of comparison, similar studies of halothane (uptake, 653 ml/m2/MAC; degradation rate 15.7%), enfurane (1150 ml/m2/MAC; 1.3%), and isofurane (439 ml/m2/MAC; 0.6%) were also conducted. Sevofurane had a peak serum inorganic fluoride concentration of 19.3 μmol/L, and no abnormality in hepatic or renal functions was observed in any of the subjects during the two weeks postoperatively.
Conclusions: Accurate determinations of uptake and degradation rate for sevoflurane and three other volatile anesthetics in Japanese patients were obtained. These findings have established that, despite its relatively large MAC *1.71%), sevoflurane has a small uptake due to its low solubility. However, the degradation rade was shown to be as high as 3.3%, resulting in a higher serum fluoride concentration than seen after administration of isoflurane, halothane, and (possibly) enflurane. 相似文献
Sevoflurane and desflurane are the most commonly used volatile anaesthetics for maintenance of anaesthesia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between choice of volatile anaesthetic and early postoperative respiratory complications, and to address a critical knowledge gap in safety outcomes between these two commonly used agents. We performed a retrospective analysis of adult (non-cardiac surgery) patients who received sevoflurane or desflurane for the maintenance of general anaesthesia at our institution between 2005 and 2018. We evaluated the association between desflurane exposure (when compared with sevoflurane) and the primary outcome of postoperative respiratory complications, defined by early post-extubation desaturation (SpO2 < 90%) or re-intubation within 7 days postoperatively. Multivariable regression analyses were performed and adjusted for confounding factors, including patient, anaesthetic and surgical factors. Propensity matched, interaction and sub-group analyses were performed to assess outcomes in high-risk groups: morbidly obese (BMI > 35 kg.m−2); elderly (age > 65 years); and high risk of respiratory complications as well as the primary outcome at 24 h. Desflurane was used for 23,830 patients and sevoflurane for 84,608 patients. Patients exposed to desflurane did not demonstrate a reduced risk of postoperative respiratory complications when compared with sevoflurane (adjusted odds ratio 0.99, 95%CI 0.94–1.04, p = 0.598). These findings were consistent across all sub-groups of high-risk patients and in the propensity score matched cohort. In summary, desflurane use was not associated with reduced postoperative respiratory complications when compared with sevoflurane. In the context of environmental and cost concerns with volatile anaesthetic agents, our study provides important data to support organisational decisions regarding the use of desflurane. 相似文献
Eleven male volunteers were studied to compare the airway irritation produced by the four anaesthetic agents: halothane, enflurane,
isoflurane and sevoflurane at two concentrations, equivalent to one and two MAC. Tidal volume, respiratory frequency and functional
residual capacity changes induced by 15 sec inhalation of the anaesthetics were measured using respiratory inductive plethysmograph.
Appearance of the cough reflex was also observed. The order of subjective airway irritation was evaluated by the volunteers.
Inhalation of the anaesthetic agents induced a decrease in tidal volume, increase in respiratory frequency and decrease in
functional residual capacity. Significant changes were considered to have occurred if tidal volume and respiratory frequency
changed by more than 30% from the resting values for at least ten seconds, or if functional residual capacity changed by more
than 30% of the value at resting tidal volume, for at least ten seconds. Each change was induced most frequently by isoflurane
followed by enflurane, halothane and, least frequently, by sevoflurane. The orders of appearance of the cough reflex and of
subjective airway irritation were similar. Sevoflurane did not elicit a cough reflex. It is concluded that sevoflurane was
the least irritant anaesthetic and is considered to be the most suitable for inhalational induction of anaesthesia.
Sept volontaires du sexe masculin font partie dune étude visant à comparer les ejfets irritants de quatre agents anesthésiques
sur les voies respiratoires: l’halothane, l’enflurane, l’ isoflurane et le sévoflurane, à deux concentration qui équivalent
soit à MAC 1, soit à MAC 2. On mesure les changements de volume courant, de fréquence respiratoire et de capacité résiduelle
fonctionnelle à l’aide d’un pléthysmographie à induction. On note l’apparition du réflexe de toux. De plus, on évalue le degré
subjectif d’irritation éprouvé par les sujets. L’inhalation d’agents anesthésiques cause une baisse du volume courant, une
augmentation de la fréquence respiratoire et une diminution de la capacité résiduelle fonctionnelle. On considère significatifs
les changements de volume courant et de fréquence respiratoire de plus de 30% des valeurs de repos pour au moins dix secondes,
les changements de capacité résiduelle fonctionnelle de plus de 30% de sa valeur au volume courant de repos pour au moins
dix secondes. Les changements sont initiés principalement par l’isoflurane, suivi par l’enflurane, l’halothane et moins fréquemment
par le sévoflurane. L’ordre d’apparition du réflexe de toux et de l’impression subjective d’irritation des voies aériennes
est identique. Le sévoflurane ne provoque pas de réflexe de toux. On conclut que le sévoflurane est le moins irritant des
anesthesiques et qu’on peut le considerer comme celui qui convient le mieux à l’induction de l’anesthésie par inhalation. 相似文献
This study was conducted to assess the effect of sevoflurane on lung resistance and compliance, and its responsiveness to
histamine. We studied eight dogs to compare the effect of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane on bronchoconstriction
caused by histamine. Baseline values of pulmonary resistance (RL) and dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn) were measured prior to administration of histamine. Histamine (2, 4, and 8 μg · kg−1) were administered iv, and the values of RL and Cdyn at the time of peak effect were recorded. Under 1 or 2 MAC anaesthesia, sevoflurane as well as the other three anaesthetics
had no bronchoactive effects. The four anaesthetics, including sevoflurane, demonstrated inhibitory effect on increases in
RL and decreases in Cdyn caused by histamine. At 1 MAC anaesthesia, % changes in RL caused by 2, 4, or 8 μg · kg−1 of histamine were 38 ± 11, 85 ± 21, or 132 ± 24% (mean ± SE) for halothane, and 65 ± 11, 132 ± 15, or 172 ± 19% for sevoflurane,
respectively. Sevoflurane was less effective than halothane in preventing increases in RL. In preventing decreases in Cdyn, sevoflurane was less effective than halothane only at 8 μg · kg−1 of histamine under 1 and 2 MAC anaesthesia. There was no difference in attenuating effect on changes in RL and Cdyn between sevoflurane and isoflurane or enflurane. We concluded that sevoflurane was less potent than halothane in attenuating
changes in RL and Cdyn in response to iv histamine.
Cette étude a été réalisée dans le but d’évaluer les effets du sévoflurane sur la résistance et la compliance pulmonaires
en réponse à l’histamine. Les effets du sévoflurane, de l’isoflurane, de l’enflurane et de l’halothane sur la bronchoconstriction
induite par l’histamine sont comparés sur huit chiens. Avant l’administration d’histamine, on mesure les valeurs initiales
de la résistance (RL) et de la compliance dynamique (Cdyn) pulmonaires. L’histamine (2, 4, 8 μg · kg−1) est administrée par la voie veineuse et les valeurs maximales de la RL et de la Cdyn sont enregistrées. Les quatre anesthésiques, dont le sévoflurane inhibent l’augmentation de la RL et la diminution de la Cdyn provoquées par l’histamine. A MAC 1 d’anesthésie, les pourcentages de changement de RL produits par 2, 4, ou 8 μg · kg−1 d’histamine sont respectivement de 38 ± 11, 85 ± 21, ou 132 ± 24% (moyenne + SD) pour l’halothane, et de 65 ± 11, 132 ± 15,
ou 172 ± 19% pour le sévoflurane. Le sévoflurane est moins efficace que l’halothane pour prévenir les augmentations de RL. Le sévoflurane est moins efficace pour prevenir la diminution de Cdyn mais seulement à 8 μg · kg−1 d’histamine sous anesthésie à MAC 1 et 2. Le sévoflurane, l’halothane et l’isoflurane ne sont pas de différents pour amortir
les changements de RL et Cdyn. Nous concluons que le sévoflurane est moins puissant que l’halothane pour diminuer la réponse à l’histamine de la RL et de la Cdyn. 相似文献
The neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium during sevoflurane or halothane anaesthesia was studied in 38 paediatric
patients aged 1–12 yr. All received premedication with midazolam, 0.5 mg · kg−1 po and an inhalational induction with up to 3 MAC of either agent in 70% N2O and O2. The ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist by a train-of-four stimulus every ten seconds and the force of adduction of
the thumb recorded with a Myotrace force transducer. Anaesthesia was maintained with a one MAC end-tidal equivalent of either
volatile agent for five minutes before patients received mivacurium (0.2 mg · kg−1) iv. The onset of maximal blockade occurred in 2.4 ± 1.26 (mean ± SD) min with halothane and 1.8 ± 0.54 min with sevoflurane
(NS). Four patients failed to achieve 100% block (3 halothane, 1 sevoflurane). The times from injection to 5, 75, and 95%
recovery during sevoflurane (9.8 ± 2.6, 19.5 ± 4.4, and 24.2 ± 4.8 min) were greater than during halothane anaesthesia (7.2
± 2.2, 15.0 ± 4.0, 19.2 ± 4.9 min, respectively (P < 0.005). All patients demonstrated complete spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular
function (T1 > 95%, T4/T1 > 75%) during the surgery which lasted 24–63 min. All patients showed clinical signs of full recovery of neuromuscular blockade
(i.e., headlift, gag, or cough). Pharmacological reversal was not required. It is concluded that following a single intubating
dose of mivacurium, the time to maximum relaxation was not different during halothane and sevoflurane anaesthesia; recovery
times to 5, 75 and 95% twitch height were longer during sevoflurane anaesthesia and neuromuscular reversal was not necessary.
L’activité neurobloquante du mivacurium pendant l’anesthésie au sévoflurane ou à l’halothane fait l’objet de cette étude réalisée
chez 38 enfants de 1 à 12 ans. Tous ont été prémédiqués au midazolam 0,5 mg · kg−1 et l’anesthésie est induite avec un agent volatil jusqu’à MAC 3 de l’un des agents dans du N2O à 70%. Le nerf cubital était stimulé au poignet au train de quatre aux dix seconds et la force de l’adduction du pouce mesurée
avec un transducteur de force Myotrace. L’anesthésie était entretenue avec l’équivalent MAC I d’un des deux agents volatils
pendant cinq minutes avant l’administration de mivacurium (0,2 mg · kg−1). Le début du bloc maximum est survenu dans 2,4 ± 1,26 (moyenne ± SD) min avec l’halothane et 1,8 ± 0,54 min avec le sévoflurane
(NS). Quatre patients n’ont pas été bloqués à 100% (trois avec l’halothane, un avec le sévoflurane). L’intervalle séparant
l’injection à 5; 75, et 95% de la récupération pendant l’anesthésie au sévoflurane (9,8 ± 2,6, 19,5 ± 4,4 et 24,2 ± 4,8 min)
a été plus long que pendant l’anesthésie à l’halothane (7,2 ± 2,2, 15,0 ± 4,0, 19,2 ± 4,9 min, respectivement (P < 0,005).
An moniteur, chez tous les patients, la fonction neuromusculaire a récupéré spontanément (T1 > 95%, T4/T1 > 75%) au cours de la chirurgie qui a duré de 24–63 min. Tous les patients montraient aussi les signes cliniques d’une récupération
complète (par ex., levée de la tête, réflexe pharyngé ou toux). Aucun antagoniste pharmacologique n’a été requis. Il est conclu
que le délai jusqu’à la relaxation maximum après une seule dose d’intubation de mivacurium ne diffère pas entre l’anesthésie
à l’halothane et l’anesthésie au sévoflurane; les délais de retour à 5, 75 et 95% de la hauteur du twitch sont plus longs
pendant l’anesthésie au sévoflurane et il n’est pas nécessaire d’antagoniser le bloc neuromusculaire.
Supported in part by a grant from Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois. 相似文献
BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane has a lower blood:gas partition coefficient than isoflurane and thus should be associated with a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. METHODS: A review and meta-analysis were employed to examine the recovery profiles of adult patients following anaesthesia, comparing sevoflurane to isoflurane and sevoflurane to propofol. RESULTS: There were significant differences in times to several recovery events that favoured sevoflurane to isoflurane anaesthesia, including time to emergence, response to commands, extubation, and orientation. Likewise, there were significant differences in times to the same recovery events following anaesthesia with sevoflurane versus propofol. There were no differences in time to recovery room discharge when comparing sevoflurane to isoflurane or propofol. CONCLUSION: The observed differences between sevoflurane and isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia support the postulate that the use of sevoflurane is associated with a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia than either isoflurane or propofol. 相似文献