The influence of pentoxifylline on motility and viability of spermatozoa from normozoospermic semen samples

In order to evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline on sperm motility and longevity, a controlled in-vitro study was conducted on normozoospermic donor semen samples using the Cellsoft automated system for sperm motility analysis. After incubation and selection, pentoxifylline was found to improve the recovery of spermatozoa and to increase their velocity. In the subgroup of progressively motile spermatozoa, curvilinear velocity was also enhanced. It is concluded that pentoxifylline has an effect on the vigour, but not on the pattern, of sperm motion. Pentoxifylline did not improve the motility characteristics of senescent spermatozoa in normozoospermic sperm samples. Sperm survival, as shown by supra-vital staining, and motility longevity both decreased with time after pentoxifylline treatment.     

己酮可可碱对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸肠炎模型的影响

目的 :观察己酮可可碱 (PTX)对 2 ,4 ,6 三硝基苯磺酸 (TNBS)肠炎模型影响。方法 :通过直肠给予雄性BALB/c小鼠TNBS诱导结肠炎 ,应用PTX对其进行治疗 ,6d后收集结肠标本评价结肠炎症程度 ;采用半定量RT PCR检测肠黏膜IL 18mRNA表达 ,采用免疫组织化学染色显示IL 18阳性细胞。结果 :直肠内给予BALB/c小鼠TNBS后可造成小鼠结肠炎性改变 ;PTX治疗可使小鼠疾病活动指数、结肠重量和炎症指数均显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,结肠IL 18mRNA和肠黏膜固有层表达IL 18细胞数显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :PTX治疗可使TNBS肠炎模型小鼠肠黏膜局部IL 18表达显著下降 ,肠炎得以减轻。     

己酮可可碱弱化大鼠脓毒症急性肺损伤对p38MAPK/IκBα磷酸化的影响

目的探讨己酮可可碱（pentoxifylline,PTX）对腹腔感染致脓毒症急性肺损伤发挥保护作用的上游信号机制。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔（cecal ligation and puncture,CLP）致脓毒症模型,将大鼠随机分为假手术组、脓毒症组、脓毒症＋西黄著胶组、脓毒症＋生理盐水组、脓毒症＋SB203580组、脓毒症＋PTX组。检测假手术组、脓毒症组各时间点（1,3,6,12,24 h）p38MAPK及IκBα的磷酸化,然后选择1,6,24 h组分别检测应用SB203580或PTX后p38MAPK及IκBα的表达,同时检测血浆TNF-α、IL-6的含量并观察24 h组肺组织病理改变。结果与假手术组比较,脓毒症组在各个时间点p38MAPK及IκBα均有较强的表达,SB203580或PTX预处理后各组的p38MAPK及IκBα的磷酸化明显受到抑制,且与血浆TNF-α、IL-6的含量以及肺的病理切片变化一致。结论 PTX对脓毒症急性肺损伤的保护作用以及抑制促炎因子产生的作用可能是通过抑制p38MAPK的磷酸化从而抑制NF-κB的活化而产生的。     

己酮可可碱对小鼠急性脑缺血的保护作用研究

目的　研究己酮可可碱 (PentoxifyllinePTX)对急性脑缺血所致小鼠大脑功能改变的保护作用。 方法　采用双侧颈总动脉不完全和完全结扎法及小鼠快速断头法 ,观察小鼠在急性脑缺血时的所产生的神经症状、存活时间和脑细胞的改变及己酮可可碱 (PTX)的保护作用。结果　 2 5、5 0mg·kg -1的PTX可以显著减少急性不完全性脑缺血致小鼠神经症状的发生 ,减少小鼠大脑细胞的坏死百分率 ;可以显著延长急性完全性脑缺血小鼠断头张口喘气时间并能增加小鼠耐缺氧的存活时间。结论　PTX对小鼠急性完全和不完全性脑缺血具有保护作用。     

Peripheral artery disease: therapeutic advances

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), usually caused by atherosclerosis, is defined as an obstructive arterial disease of the lower extremities that reduces arterial flow during exercise or, in advanced stages, at rest. It affects more than 8.5 million people in the USA. PAD may appear as an asymptomatic arterial disease with abnormal noninvasive test results, or as a symptomatic disease presenting with atypical limb pain, classic intermittent claudication, or critical limb ischemia. The spectrum of PAD is not a continuum. Patients who present with critical limb ischemia may have experienced minimum symptoms. PAD results in limitation of exercise and walking ability, described as intermittent claudication. Patients with PAD are physically impaired and have a higher risk of cardiovascular events; therefore, the treatment goals are aimed at decreasing their cardiovascular risk, as well as improving exercise and daily functional performance. Apart from supervised exercise, which is a major treatment modality for patients with PAD, as of yet there have been very few significant pharmacological breakthroughs in the treatment of PAD that increases blood flow to the ischemic limb. Although percutaneous intervention has markedly improved the treatment of PAD, bypass surgery continues to play an important role. For the most part medical therapy for PAD is designed as a secondary prevention for cardiovascular risk. These include antiplatelet therapy, statins, ACE-inhibitors, smoking cessation and possibly antihypertensive therapy. Revascularization is most beneficial for patients with lifestyle limiting symptoms, acute or chronic limb ischemia with resting pain or nonhealing ulcers. In the following review article we will try to explore the clinical role of some of the latest developments in this field.     

The effects of pentoxifylline on liver regeneration after portal vein ligation in rats.

AIM: To determine the effects of pentoxifylline, a methyl xanthine derivative on hepatic cell production of uninterferred lobe after portal vein branch ligation. METHODS: Sixty-six rats were randomly allocated into 9 groups with 8 rats in PVL groups and 6 rats in sham operation groups. The portal branches of the median and the lateral liver lobes, corresponding to approximately 70% of the liver volume were ligated in the PVL groups. The control group received 0.9% NaCl solution. The rats in the treatment groups received pentoxifylline at the dose of 50 mg/kg/dy. After 1, 2, 4 days of portal vein ligation in both PVL and PVNL lobes the levels of adenine nucleotides were determined and flowcytometric analysis of cell cycles were performed. RESULTS: On the first day of portal branch ligation energy charge was significantly lower, in pentoxifylline treated group comparing to pentoxifylline untreated group, both in PVL and PVNL lobes (P<0.05). Proliferative indexes were 0.38 and 0.29 in pentoxifylline treated and pentoxifylline untreated PVNL lobes respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline treatment resulted in an increase of percentage of calls entering mitosis phase on the first day after PVL, somehow accelerating the regeneration process.     

Evaluation of the effect of pentoxifylline on sleep‐deprivation induced memory impairment

In this study, we examined the ability of Pentoxifylline (PTX) to prevent sleep deprivation induced memory impairment probably through decreasing oxidative stress. Sleep deprivation was chronically induced 8 h/day for 6 weeks in rats using modified multiple platform model. Concurrently, PTX (100 mg/kg) was administered to animals on daily basis. After 6 weeks of treatment, behavioral studies were conducted to test the spatial learning and memory using the Radial Arm Water Maze. Additionally, the hippocampus was dissected; and levels/activities of antioxidant defense biomarkers glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione oxidized (GSSG), GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were assessed. The results show that chronic sleep deprivation impaired short‐ and long‐term memories, which was prevented by chronic treatment with PTX. Additionally, PTX normalized sleep deprivation‐induced reduction in the hippocampus GSH/GSSG ratio (P < 0.05), and activities of GPx, catalase, and SOD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, chronic sleep deprivation induces memory impairment, and treatment with PTX prevented this impairment probably through normalizing antioxidant mechanisms in the hippocampus. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.