不同非密闭雾化治疗方式在不合作患儿中的应用效果

目的 探讨不同非密闭雾化方式在不合作患儿接受布地奈德雾化治疗中的应用效果。方法 选取本院门诊270例3岁以下使用布地奈德雾化治疗的患儿,采用随机数字表法将患儿分为Pari雾化系统、Philips雾化系统及Salter雾化系统3个治疗组,毎组90例,各组又依据面罩距离面部0 cm、2 cm、4 cm分为3个小组,毎组30例,分别测量各组雾化气流流速及吸入雾化颗粒量占总雾化颗粒量的比例。采用方差分析及Bonferroni进行统计分析。结果 雾化气流流速及雾化吸入量在不同雾化系统组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在3种距离下,Pari系统均能使患儿吸入最多量的雾化颗粒,其次是Salter系统,再是Philips系统,与此相反,气流流速Pari系统最低。Pari系统离开面部4 cm及Salter系统离开面部2 cm的吸入量均高于Philips系统0 cm的吸入量。结论 选择合适的非密闭雾化系统方式,是提高不合作患儿布地奈德雾化治疗的有效方式。     

Humidity

The humidity of gases is an important topic within anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. An appreciation of the underlying physics helps to ensure that we monitor and deliver optimally humidified gases to our patients, thus minimizing the pathophysiological consequences when normal humidification processes are bypassed. In this article the different techniques and equipment used to measure humidity are illustrated, as well as the methods of humidification used in clinical practice.     

应用4650Ⅰ型压缩机雾化器进行支气管激发试验的研究

为了解Models 4650Ⅰ型压缩机雾化器(简称M)进行支气管激发试验的可行性,将92例支气管哮喘患者按用M雾化吸入时间的不同,分为1、1.5、2分钟三组,并与标准雾化装置Dosimeter及雾化器(简称D)进行支气管激发试验同步对比研究.结果显示 ,三组受试者用两种雾化装置所获测值间无显著性差异(P＞0.2～0.5),且皆呈直线正相关.M与D皆雾化吸入1分钟时,M所需药物浓度大于D,相关系数(0.285)偏低,延长M的雾化吸入时间至1.5分钟,与D雾化吸入1分钟相比,两者差值最小(-0.075 g/L), r =0.665;若再延长M雾化吸入时间,与D的差值又会扩大.提示:M雾化效果稍差于D,适当延长时间可弥补上述差异,建议M雾化吸入时间以1.5分钟为宜.     

Nebulization of Fluids of Different Physicochemical Properties with Air-Jet and Ultrasonic Nebulizers

Purpose. Empirical formulae relate the mean size of primary droplets from jet and ultrasonic nebulizers to a fluid's physicochemical properties. Although the size selective filtering effects of baffling and evaporation may modify the secondary aerosol produced, this research sought to evaluate whether viscosity and surface tension of nebulized fluids influenced the aerosol's size and output characteristics. Methods. Fluid systems of different surface tension and viscosity (glycerol and propylene glycol solutions [10–50% (v/v)] and a range of silicone fluids [200/0.65 cs– l00cs]) were nebulized in three jet and two ultrasonic nebulizers. Secondary aerosol characteristics were measured with a Malvern 2600C laser diffraction sizer and the nebulization times, residual volumes and percentage outputs were determined. Results. While the droplet size appeared to be inversely proportional to viscosity for jet nebulizers, it was directly proportional to viscosity for ultrasonic nebulizers. Although fluid systems with lower surface tensions generally produced slightly smaller MMDs, the relationship between surface tension and droplet size was complex. The more viscous fluids required longer nebulization times and were associated with increased residual amounts (lower outputs). The ultrasonic nebulizers did not effectively, and were on occasion unable to, nebulize the more viscous fluids. Conclusions. It follows that there are cut-off values for viscosity and/or surface tension above or below which ultrasonic devices fail to operate. Moreover, jet nebulizers generated an aerosol with an optimum respirable output from median-viscosity fluids.     

Factors affecting aerosol performance during nebulization with jet and ultrasonic nebulizers

Nebulization of aqueous solutions is a convenient delivery system to deliver drugs to the lungs because it can produce droplets small enough to reach the alveolar region. However, the droplet size might be affected by the changes in the temperature and the concentration of the nebulizing solution in the reservoir during nebulization. In this study, the changes in the droplet size over the nebulization time using a PariBoy air-jet and a Multisonic ultrasonic nebulizer have been studied. The findings were related to changes in the temperature, concentration, surface tension, viscosity and saturated vapour pressure of the nebulizing solution. By using the jet nebulizer, an increase in the droplet size followed by a decrease has been observed. This observation could be attributed to the approx. 7 degrees C reduction of the temperature during the first 2 min in the jet nebulizer reservoir which increased the viscosity of the nebulizing solution. After this initial period of time, the increasing drug concentration induced a reduction of the surface tension and, consequently, a decrease in the droplet size. However, with the ultrasonic nebulizer a temperature increase of approx. 20 degrees C during the first 6 min in the nebulizing solution was observed leading to a decrease in droplet size, viscosity and surface tension and an increasing saturated vapour pressure. This again led to smaller average droplet sizes.     

Inhalation device options for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation, resulting from abnormalities in the airway and/or damage to the alveoli. Primary care physicians manage the healthcare of a large proportion of patients with COPD. In addition to determining the most appropriate medication regimen, which usually includes inhaled bronchodilators with or without inhaled corticosteroids, physicians are charged with optimizing inhalation device selection to facilitate effective drug delivery and patient adherence. The large variety of inhalation devices currently available present numerous challenges for physicians that include: (1) gaining knowledge of and proficiency with operating different device classes; (2) identifying the most appropriate inhalation device for the patient; and (3) providing the necessary education and training for patients on device use. This review provides an overview of the inhalation device types currently available in the United States for delivery of COPD medications, including information on their successful operation and respective advantages and disadvantages, factors to consider in matching a device to an individual patient, the need for device training for patients and physicians, and guidance for improving treatment adherence. Finally, the review will discuss established and novel tools and technology that may aid physicians in improving education and promoting better adherence to therapy.     

Comparison of bronchodilator administration with vibrating mesh nebulizer and standard jet nebulizer in the emergency department

Introduction

Projects comparing bronchodilator response by aerosol devices in the ED are limited. Evidence suggests that the vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) provides 5-fold greater aerosol delivery to the lung as compared to a jet nebulizer (JN). The aim of this project was to evaluate a new nebulizer deployed in an Emergency Department.

优质护理对婴幼儿雾化吸入治疗依从性及满意度的影响

目的 探讨优质护理对婴幼儿雾化吸入治疗依从性及家长满意度的影响.方法 将1206例雾化吸入治疗惠儿按时间段分为对照组(531例)和观察组(675例).对照组给予常规护理和健康教育;观察组在此基础上优化雾化室环境,改良雾化吸入治疗方式(诱导式治疗、吸入式治疗、睡眠式治疗),采取预约服务.结果 观察组雾化吸入治疗依从性和家长满意度显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 优质护理可增加婴幼儿在雾化吸入治疗中的舒适度,提高患儿治疗依从性,提高患儿家长的满意度.     

低血钾患者应用超声雾化吸入补钾的疗效观察

试用了人体经气道补钾的新途径，证实经气道补钾可有效提高血钾浓度，与静脉滴注无差异。由于经气道给入，使临床上早期呼吸肌麻痹能及时缓解。临床应用中无任何副作用