癫痫的外科治疗

本文报告40例癫痫病人采用手术治疗。30例作了CT检查、脑电图检查,6例作脑电地形图检查,对手术定位有较大帮助。术中用脑皮层电图监测,有效地提高了癲痫源灶的切除率,手术有效者34例(85.0%)。作者还应用了胼胝体切开术,从病灶切除的病理所见,癫痫的外科治疗应引起神经外科的重视。     

Long-Term Subdural Strip Electrocorticographic Monitoring of Ictal Déjà Vu

Summary: We report a series of 8 patients with ictal déjà vu. Subdural strip electrocorticographic (ECoG) monitoring localized the ictal epileptogenic focus as follows: right (n = 6) and left (n = 2) mesiotemporal lobe. In all 8 patients, the left hemisphere was dominant for language function based on intracarotid amytal testing. In 6 right-handed patients, ictal déjà vu was associated with a right temporal lobe focus. However, in the 2 left-handed patients, the ictal focus was left temporal lobe. Although ictal déjà vu localizes the epileptic focus to temporal lobe, this experiential phenomenon appears to lateralize to the hemisphere nondominant for handedness.     

Focus groups: their role in developing calcium-related education materials

Because attitudes concerning a topic can diminish the effectiveness of educational materials, previously identified attitudes concerning calcium intake were explored through focus group interviews during the developmental stages of calcium education materials. Although four focus groups of six to seven participants were planned, each of the four groups consisted of two to six women. All focus groups followed the same format, lasting for 60–90 min; questions progressed from the general to more specific. The focus groups revealed several attitudinal barriers toward dietary behavioural change, including lack of prior interest in the topic and lack of time. Attitudes about dairy calcium included the belief that dairy foods were high in fat and should be avoided, and the belief that dairy foods would cause stomach upsets. Also, neither younger nor older women felt that osteoporosis was a problem their age group needed to address. Readability scales were not necessarily predictive of preference. This study shows that focus group interviews make a valuable contribution to planning and evaluating nutrition education materials.     

Undergraduate and postgraduate dental students''reflection on learning'': a qualitative study

The aim of this study was to explore undergraduate and postgraduate dental students' understanding of a good learning experience by using 'reflection on learning' as described by Schon. Four groups of Year 4 BDS students and one group of postgraduate students in dental public health took part in a series of focus group discussions. The responses were grouped into four broad themes (a) active, practical and positive learning; (b) interactive/together learning; (c) personal learning; (d) theory into practice. Six educational models of good learning proposed by the students are described.     

易误诊为神经肿瘤的一种疾病——肿块型中枢神经系统原发性血管炎

背景与目的：由于缺乏特异性临床和影像表现，肿块型中枢神经系统原发性血管炎（primary angiitris of central nervous system，PACNS）常被误诊为胶质瘤．本文旨在探讨肿块型PACNS的诊断与鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析手术治疗的37例肿块型PACNS患者的临床及影像表现。结果：85．3％的患者出现局灶性神经功能减退，55．9％患者有不同程度皮层高级功能减退症状。70．6％的颅内病变累及脑皮层：73．5％患者的正常区域脑血管周围间隙增宽，其中76％出现血管强化；病变出现特征性的“C”形强化。结论：局灶性神经功能和高级功能减退、病变累及皮层和“C”形强化等特征．有助于诊断肿块型PACNS。     

Perception and social consequences of tuberculosis: A focus group study of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan

Treatment defaulting is one of the major causes of the failure of TB control programs. In Bethania Hospital. Sialkot, defaulting rates are high: 72% for the standard 12 months course and 56% for the 8 months course. Attrition is especially important in the first weeks of treatment: < 70% of the patients start the 10th week of treatment. A focus group discussion study has been carried out to gain a better understanding of the impact of social stigmatization, treatment cost and pregnancy on defaulting. The study population consisted of 3 male and 3 female groups each with 8 hospitalized TB patients. The study shows that TB is perceived as a very dangerous, infectious and incurable disease. This perception has many social consequences: stigmatization and social isolation of TB patients and their families; diminished marriage prospects for young TB patients, and even for their family members; TB in one of the partners may lead to divorce. Due to fear patients often deny the diagnosis and reject the treatment. While both male and female TB patients face many social and economical problems, female patients are more affected. Divorce and broken engagements seem to occur more often in female patients. Females are usually economically dependent on their husbands and family in law, and need their cooperation to avail of treatment. The belief that pregnancy enhances the risk for relapse decreases their marriage prospects. Pregnancy is also a reason for stopping TB treatment as both are considered as incompatible. The findings of this study reveal the urgent need for a health education campaign to convince the general population that tuberculosis is curable. All health care providers should act as destigmatizers.     

氟马西尼造成的脑弥散成像改变对癫痫灶的定位研究

目的探讨癫痫患者应用氟马西尼之后,用磁共振弥散成像(diffusion-weighted magnetic imaging,DWI)检测脑组织发生的改变,从而确定癫痫灶的位置。方法选择准备手术的癫痫患者20例,其中检查前2个月内服用过苯二氮卓类药物(benzodiazepine,BZD)有9人,另取17位未发做过癫痫的健康者作为对照。在患者清醒和完全的发作间期进行磁共振弥散成像基线扫描,然后静脉推注氟马西尼(flumazenil,FMZ),注射10min后,再次进行DWI检查。所有的病人测量下列双侧结构的表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC):海马、海马旁回、丘脑、中央白质、与癫痫灶相连的皮质。健康对照者进行了DWI检查,测量了上述结构。我们还对20位患者进行了注射FMZ前后的视频脑电图比较。结果与健康对照者对比,颞叶癫痫患者发病侧海马的发作间期ADC基线明显升高(P<0.05)。在注射氟马西尼后,不同感兴趣区的平均ADC变化如下:近期服用过BZD的患者癫痫发作侧的海马ADC下降(P<0.05);癫痫发作侧的海马旁回ADC下降(P<0.05),而近期没有服用过BZD的患者,未发现上述变化。在视频脑电监测中,服用BZD的患者也更易用FMZ诱发出癫痫波。在颞叶以外癫痫我们没有观察到统一的变化模式。结论近期服用过BZD药物的颞叶癫痫患者中,注射氟马西尼引起的ADC改变和癫痫灶的位置密切相关。核磁共振弥散成像清楚地表明了颢叶癫痫患者潜在癫痫灶的位置,是一个有效检测方法。     

自然疫源性疾病流行因素分析及对策

目的总结和分析我国1991-2006年重点自然疫源性疾病的流行现状和分布情况,探讨新时期疫情的影响因素,提出加强自然疫源性疾病监测建议。方法收集1991-2006年全国鼠疫、肾综合征出血热(HFRS)、狂犬病、流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)、钩端螺旋体病(钩体病)、布鲁氏菌病(布病)、登革热、疟疾等重点自然疫源性疾病的疫情监测资料并进行统计分析。结果1991-2006年全国鼠疫、HFRS、狂犬病、乙脑、钩体病、布病、登革热、疟疾等报告病例1 859 295例,死亡39 028例,发病比例由20世纪90年代初期的7%左右降至2%,下降近70%,死亡比例则由50%降至目前的40%左右,所占比重依然较大;疫情主要集中在我国南方温带和亚热带地区,呈现出南多北少的特点。全球气候变暖、媒介和宿主动物入侵与耐药性、生态环境变化以及畜牧养殖业和其相关产品加工产业的高速发展等因素是目前自然疫源性疾病疫情的影响因素。结论在监测工作中重点加强预警监测、免疫接种和防制策略的效果评价以及媒介生物和宿主动物综合治理等的研究。