白炭黑粉尘对肺脏的作用

大鼠气管注入(剂量50mg)或自然吸入白炭黑粉尘,引起肺组织以细胞性结节为主的病理改变。注入组的肺重、肺胶原蛋白及类脂的含量均显著地高于正常对照组,但比石英对照组低得多。说明白炭黑粉尘对肺脏的作用表现为非特异性反应性改变。应重视它的远期作用,做好白炭黑生产和使用部门的劳动保护工作。     

神经外科手术患者芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀胆碱麻醉诱导时颅内压的变化

目的 评价神经外科手术患者芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀胆碱麻醉诱导时颅内压（ICP）的变化。方法择期神经外科手术患者20例，采用硬膜外间隙穿刺针于L3.4或L2.3椎间隙行蛛网膜下腔穿刺，监测脑脊液压力（CSFP）。麻醉诱导时，静脉注射芬太尼2～3μg／kg，5min后以50mg／min静脉注射异丙酚2mg／kg，3min后静脉注射琥珀胆碱1．5mg／kg，达满意肌松后气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前（基础值）、注射芬太尼后5min、注射异丙酚后1、2、3min、肌颤时和气管插管后即刻CSFP。结果与基础值相比，注射异丙酚后1、2、3min及肌颤时CSFP均降低（P〈0．05），气管插管后即刻CSFP差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论神经外科手术患者芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀胆碱麻醉诱导可降低ICP，且可避免气管插管引起的ICP升高。     

不同剂量瑞芬太尼复合靶控输注异丙酚对心脏瓣膜置换术病人气管插管时血液动力学反应的影响

目的 评价不同剂量瑞芬太尼复合靶控输注(TCI)异丙酚对心脏瓣膜置换术病人气管插管时血液动力学反应的影响.方法 拟行心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病病人30例,随机分为3组(n=10):芬太尼组(Ⅰ组)、小剂量瑞芬太尼组(Ⅱ组)和大剂量瑞芬太尼组(Ⅲ组).麻醉诱导:Ⅰ组静脉注射芬太尼10 μg/kg,然后持续静脉输注芬太尼10 μg·kg-1·h-1;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组静脉注射瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,然后分别持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.5、1.0 μg·kg-1·min-1.3组静脉注射芬太尼或瑞芬太尼后3min开始TCI异丙酚,初始血浆靶浓度为1.0 μg/ml,逐渐递增至2.0 μg/ml.静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg后气管插管.分别在麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导期间血压最低值时(T1)、插管前即刻(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、插管后2 min(T4)及插管后5 min(T5)时记录心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、心脏指数(CI)、外周血管阻力指数(SVRI)及左室每搏功指数(LVSWI),并于上述时点测定混合静脉血氧饱和度(S(v)O2).记录诱导期间低血压及气管插管心血管反应的发生情况.结果 3组间麻醉诱导期间低血压及气管插管心血管反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与T0比较,各组T1,2时HR和MAP均降低,Ⅱ组T3时HR和MAP升高,Ⅲ组T4时MAP降低,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组T2-4时S(v)O2升高(P＜0.05);3组间各时点CVP、PCWP、CI、LVSWI和S(v)O2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 复合TCI异丙酚(血浆靶浓度2.0 μg/ml)时,静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg负荷剂量后,持续静脉输注0.5 μg·kg-1·min-1麻醉诱导时血压和HR下降适度,可较好地抑制心脏瓣膜置换术病人气管插管时血液动力学反应.     

硝酸甘油与美托洛尔预防气管插管所致循环副作用的比较

①目的　比较硝酸甘油与美托洛尔在麻醉诱导中对心率、血压和左室射血功能的影响。②方法　２４例病人随机分为３ 组,每组８ 例。麻醉诱导均选用芬太尼、硫喷妥钠和琥珀酰胆碱。于静脉诱导后分别静注美托洛尔、硝酸甘油和生理盐水,监测气管插管时平均动脉压（ Ｍ Ａ Ｐ）、心率（ Ｈ Ｒ）和每搏量（ Ｓ Ｖ）变化。③结果　插管后美托洛尔组 Ｍ Ａ Ｐ低于对照组, Ｈ Ｒ 低于对照组及硝酸甘油组, Ｓ Ｖ 高于硝酸甘油组,差异均有显著性（ Ｆ＝ ４．０７～５．９６,ｑ＝ ３．４４～４．４９, Ｐ 均＜ ０．０５）。④结论　美托洛尔与硝酸甘油皆可预防气管插管所致的循环副作用,但美托洛尔作用优于硝酸甘油。     

高血压病史对体外循环冠脉搭桥术后早期预后的影响

目的 :了解高血压病史对体外循环下冠脉搭桥术后早期预后的影响。方法 :对高血压和非高血压行体外循环下冠脉搭桥术年龄大于60岁的冠心病患者65例术前和术后早期的临床资料进行分析。结果 :与非高血压患者相比 ,患高血压的病人冠脉搭桥术后心律失常的发生率增高 ,术后30min动脉氧分压与吸入氧浓度 (PaO2/FiO2)比值明显低下 ,机械通气时间明显延长 ,术后24h内胸腔引流量明显增加 ,术后大剂量多巴胺 (>10μg·kg-1·min -1)应用率及重症监护时间无显著性差异。结论 :高血压病史使患者冠脉搭桥术后早期肺功能下降、心律失常发生率增高、出血倾向增加 ,提示维持高血压患者围手术期血压的正常有利于改善患者预后     

P ARAMEDIC U SE OF E NDOTRACHEAL T UBE I NTRODUCERS FOR THE D IFFICULT A IRWAY

Objective. To evaluate the ability of paramedics to learn and apply the skill of introducer-aided oral intubation in the setting of the simulated “difficult airway.” The authors hypothesized that, following a brief introduction to the device, intubation success rates would not differ for traditional and introducer-aided intubations of an immobilized airway mannequin. Methods. During a paramedic recertification class, experienced paramedics were given a brief didactic introduction to the “bougie-like” Flex Guide endotracheal tube introducer (ETTI). The participants were then asked to intubate adult mannequins immobilized in the head-neutral position, with and without the ETTI. “Successful placement” was defined as completion of the procedure within 30 seconds and endotracheal tube position confirmed by the investigator with direct visualization. Results. For both traditional and ETTI intubations, 34 (97%) of the 35 paramedics successfully intubated within 30 seconds. The two unsuccessful intubation attempts were recognized by the paramedic as esophageal intubations, and correct tube placement was obtained within an additional 30 seconds. Conclusion. In this study, use of the ETTI was mastered by the participants after only a brief didactic introduction to the device, with their ability to intubate an immobilized mannequin using the ETTI being equal to their ability to perform traditional intubation. These results suggest that use of the ETTI is easily learned, and may support the device's role in the prehospital management of the difficult airway.     

在头戴式放大镜直视下小鼠气管插管方法的建立

目的建立并评价一种新的小鼠气管插管方法。方法30只NIH小鼠分设A、B、C组(n=10),麻醉后特殊体位固定,在头戴式放大镜直视下施行气管插管。A组小鼠经套管注射美蓝,死后解剖判断插管成功与否;B组插管后即拔管,隔天1次,连续2周。C组仅麻醉但不插管,方法同B组。在实验的最后1天,B、C组小鼠的处理同A组。结果所有小鼠死后解剖可见气管下端至肺部均有蓝色物质浸染,插管成功率为100%,B组小鼠经多次插管操作仍能健康存活,与C组比较未发现生长迟缓、体重明显减低等情况。结论我们建立的小鼠气管插管方法操作简单、易学、可重复性强,值得推广。     

吸入式气管滴注法的建立

目的:建立一种廉价、高效的呼吸道给药或染毒方法。方法:24只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机平均分为两组,分别进行鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注。24只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为两组,分别给予非暴露式气管滴注和吸入式气管滴注。小鼠每只滴注50μL生理盐水,大鼠每只滴注100μL生理盐水;每组中取1只动物按相应方法滴注用生理盐水配制的含体积分数50%的蓝墨水,解剖观察肺部形态,评价滴注效果;记录操作时间(从麻醉结束至滴注完成)和成功率。结果:小鼠鼻腔滴注的操作时间为(92.6±5.4)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(25.2±4.0)s;大鼠非暴露式气管滴注操作时间为(102.6±6.5)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(39.9±3.3)s;吸入式气管滴注操作时间均明显较短(t=35.042、29.849,P<0.001)。吸入式气管滴注组小鼠和非暴露式气管滴注组大鼠的肺组织散在分布蓝色印迹,而鼻腔滴注组小鼠的肺部着色不明显;鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注的成功率为100%,而非暴露式气管滴注的成功率为83.7%。结论:吸入式气管滴注兼具廉价、快捷、无创、高效的优点,可广泛应用于呼吸道给药或染毒实验以及疾病模型的建立。     

Quantitative evaluation of the pulmonary microdistribution of TiO2 nanoparticles using X‐ray fluorescence microscopy after intratracheal administration with a microsprayer in rats

The unevenness of pulmonary nanoparticle (NP) distribution, which hinders the establishment of an absolute dose–response relationship, has been described as one of the limitations of intratracheal administration techniques for toxicological assessment of inhaled NPs. Quantification of the NP microdistribution would facilitate the establishment of a concentration–response relationship in localized regions of the lung; however, such quantitative methods have not been reported. Here, we established a quantitative method for evaluating pulmonary TiO₂ NP microdistribution in rats using X‐ray fluorescence microscopy. Ti intensity in lung sections from rats intratracheally administered 10 mg kg^–1 TiO₂ NPs with a microsprayer was measured using X‐ray fluorescence with a 100 µm beam size. Ti reference samples were prepared by dropping different concentrations of Ti solutions on glass slide or lung sections of untreated rat. Ti intensity increased linearly with Ti content in the reference samples on both substrates. The detection limit of TiO₂ was estimated to be 6.3 ng mm^–2. The reproducibility was confirmed for measurements done in the short‐ (2 weeks) and long‐term (6 months). The quantitative results of TiO₂ NP microdistribution suggested that more TiO₂ NPs were distributed in the right caudal and accessory lobes, which are located downstream of the administration direction of the NP suspension, and the lower portion of each lobe. The detection rates of TiO₂ NPs were 16.6–25.0%, 5.19–15.6%, 28.6–39.2%, 21.4–38.7% and 10.6–23.2% for lung sections from the right cranial, middle, caudal, accessory and left lobes, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.