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1.
The Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) is the most common in vivo regulatory toxicology test for skin sensitisation, quantifying potency as the EC3, the concentration of chemical giving a threefold increase in thymidine uptake in the local lymph node. Existing LLNA data can, along with clinical data, provide useful comparator information on the potency of sensitisers. Understanding of the biological variability of data from LLNA studies is important for those developing non-animal based risk assessment approaches for skin allergy. Here an existing set of 94 EC3 values for 12 chemicals, all tested at least three times in the same vehicle have been analysed by calculating standard deviations (SD) for logEC3 values. The SDs range from 0.08 to 0.22. The overall SD for the 94 logEC3 values is 0.147. Thus the 95% confidence limits (2xSD) for LLNA EC3 values are within a factor of 2, comparable to those for physico-chemical measurements such as partition coefficients and solubility. The residual SDs of Quantitative Mechanistic Models (QMMs) based on physical organic chemistry parameters are similar to the overall SD of the LLNA, indicating that QMMs of this type are unlikely to be bettered for predictive accuracy. 相似文献
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《The Journal of arthroplasty》2020,35(3):725-731
BackgroundConsiderable practice variability exists among orthopedic surgeons performing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study is to understand what TKA surgical and perioperative techniques are standard among high-volume academic knee arthroplasty surgeons.MethodsA written survey with 59 questions regarding management preferences in TKA was distributed by the 2018 John N. Insall Traveling Fellows to all arthroplasty-trained attending physicians at 13 medical centers, with 45 responses recorded.ResultsSurveyed surgeons performed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (88%) and bilateral TKA (87%). Most surveyed surgeons rarely or never performed outpatient primary TKA (71%). Conventional alignment guides and cemented implants were used by 80% of respondents. Most surgeons used posterior-stabilized implants (67%), followed by cruciate-retaining (20%), ultracongruent (20%), and medial congruent or medial pivot designs (17.8%). Surveyed surgeons frequently or always resurfaced the patella (73%), used a tourniquet for the entire case (73%), and used tranexamic acid for all TKAs (91%). The most common locations for intra-articular anesthetic injection were the arthrotomy (91%), the periosteum (84%), and the medial posterior capsule (82%). Saline (62%) and dilute iodine (47%) were the most common irrigation fluids. The arthrotomy was most commonly closed with running barbed suture (60%) followed by interrupted vicryl (40%). Skin closure was predominantly with running monocryl (60%) followed by staples (29%). Anticoagulation for TKA was primarily aspirin 81 mg BID (60%).ConclusionThere was considerable variability among surgeons polled although a strong preference for more conventional and less developmental techniques prevailed. 相似文献
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《Clinical genitourinary cancer》2020,18(5):e629-e642
BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested increased clinical benefit with inhibition of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 in patients with PD-L1–positive locally advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We examined the analytical and inter-observer comparability of PD-L1–positivity across 4 clinically developed immunohistochemistry assays in clear-cell RCC (CCRCC).Materials and MethodsRandomly selected archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded nephrectomy specimens from 201 patients with locally advanced CCRCC were screened using VENTANA SP142. From these, 30 cases were selected based on their tumor-infiltrating immune cell (IC) PD-L1 status (PD-L1-IC–positivity of < 1%, 1%-5%, or > 5%; 10 cases each). These cases were stained for PD-L1 using VENTANA SP142 and SP263, and DAKO 22C3 and 28-8, and scored for PD-L1 expression on IC and tumor cells (TC) by trained readers at 5 sites.ResultsAdjusted mean percentages of PD-L1-IC–positivity and PD-L1-TC–positivity varied from 4.0% to 4.9% and from 1.3% to 10.7%, respectively, between assays. Inter-assay differences in PD-L1-IC–positivity were small and non-significant (P = .1938 to .9963); for PD-L1-TC–positivity, significant differences were observed between VENTANA SP142 and the other assays (P ≤ .0001) and between VENTANA SP263 and DAKO 28-8 (P = .0248). Intra-class correlation values showed moderate-to-high inter-reader agreement for each assay for PD-L1-IC–positivity and for 3 assays for PD-L1-TC–positivity.ConclusionsIn this first multicenter analytical comparison study of PD-L1 assays in CCRCC, PD-L1–positivity could be assessed reproducibly using all 4 assays for IC and for 3 of the 4 assays for TC. 相似文献
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采用正常搏动RR间期的标准差(SD)及心率变异指数(HRV index)作为指标,分析67例老年男性心肌缺血患者的心率变异,并与正常老年男性组及正常青壮年男性组进行了对比,发现前组的RR间期SD、HRVindex均明显低于后两组,其结果有显著性差异(P均〈0.01)。提示心肌缺血可破坏交感与迷走神经的均衡性,造成心率变异降低。 相似文献
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Non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) has been proposed as a measure of tear film integrity which is superior to the more commonly used tear break-up time (TBUT), since it does not alter the volume or the physicochemical properties of the tear layer by the addition of fluorescein. We measured NITBUT by measuring the time taken for distortions or discontinuities to appear in the reflected image of a grid pattern which covered about 80 per cent of the corneal surface. NITBUT measures were made 100 times on seven Hong Kong Chinese subjects with up to 20 consecutive measures being made on a single day. We also measured NITBUT on one occasion on an unselected population of 52 Hong Kong Chinese subjects. NITBUT shows a skewed distribution in all subjects, with many shorter values and some extremely long values. There are statistically significant variations in NITBUT from day to day, and from subject to subject. The group of 52 subjects also had a skewed NITBUT distribution with many short values and some very long values. The arithmetic mean does not adequately represent NITBUT data, either for individual subjects or for this group of subjects. As many as five to eight measures may be necessary to gain a stable estimate of the NITBUT and stability of the measure is improved if extreme values are omitted. We recommend the use of nonparametric statistics to compare NITBUT values from day to day in or between subjects. 相似文献
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Lars Frisén 《Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology》1988,70(4):323-330
Perimetry suffers from considerable variability of results. A new technique for estimating individual criterion levels in normal subjects exposes the important role of psychological variables. The analysis depends on features peculiar to acuity perimetry. It can be accommodated in the regular examination. The results can be used to compensate for practice effects in serial examinations and to tighten the range of normal limits. The reduction in variation between normal subjects amounted to 57 per cent. 相似文献
10.
R. K. Vesalainen K. U. O. Tahvanainen T. J. Kaila I. M. Kantola T. A. Kuusela D. L. Eckberg 《Clinical physiology and functional imaging》1997,17(2):135-133
We studied how posture influences the effects of transdermal scopolamine on autonomic cardiovascular regulation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 10 healthy young volunteers. We recorded the electrocardiogram and auscultatory sphygmomanometric and continuous non-invasive finger arterial pressure (Finapres device) to obtain signals for the beat-by-beat R–R interval and systolic, mean and diastolic pressures. R–R interval and arterial pressure variabilities were characterized by power spectral analysis. Scopolamine increased the mean R–R intervals and reduced arterial pressure in both the supine and the standing positions, but did not affect blood pressure variability. Scopolamine increased the total variability of R–R interval and its mid- (0·07–0·15 Hz) and high- (0·15–0·40 Hz) frequency band power in the standing position during controlled breathing at 0·25 Hz. In the supine position, scopolamine did not affect R–R interval variability. In the deep breathing test, scopolamine increased the maximal expiratory–inspiratory R–R interval ratio. This study showed that low-dose scopolamine increases vagal cardiac inhibition in both supine and standing positions in healthy volunteers. However, scopolamine increases heart rate variability only in the standing position during partial vagal withdrawal. The study also demonstrates that transdermal scopolamine decreases blood pressure in healthy young subjects. 相似文献