Mucosal bromodomain-containing protein 4 mediates aeroallergen-induced inflammation and remodeling

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利用LC-MS/MS法快速鉴定盐酸头孢吡肟中的同分异构体杂质

目的建立应用LC-MS/MS技术快速鉴定盐酸头孢吡肟原料药中的同分异构体杂质的方法。方法以乙腈-10 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵(5∶95)为流动相经C₁₈柱分离,通过电喷雾串联质谱在线检测，获得相关的色谱和质谱信息。结果在所建立的条件下，盐酸头孢吡肟及其同分异构体杂质获得有效分离，主成分和其同分异构体杂质的保留时间分别为15.28 min和9.18 min，同时它们的二级质谱产物离子信息及其裂解方式呈现明显的差异。结论本法能快速、准确地分离鉴定盐酸头孢吡肟原料药中的同分异构体杂质，从而可以对其原料药进行质量控制。     

盐酸普拉克索B晶型的制备和表征

目的 制备盐酸普拉克索的B晶型并优化制备工艺,同时进行结构表征和稳定性研究。方法 制备盐酸普拉克索的B晶型,采用热重法(TGA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线粉末衍射(PXRD)、X射线单晶衍射(SXRD)等分析手段,对盐酸普拉克索B晶型进行表征研究。结果 制备得到了盐酸普拉克索B晶型,其晶型属正交晶系,空间群P2₁2₁2₁,结构中不含溶剂(包括水)。盐酸普拉克索B晶型热处理后晶型不发生转变。结论 盐酸普拉克索B晶型为无水晶型,热稳定性优于一水合物晶型,具有高温稳定性。     

Local cutaneous nerve terminal and mast cell responses to manual acupuncture in acupoint LI4 area of the rats

Previous studies have shown that the effects of manual acupuncture (MA) are contributed by collagen fibers and mast cells in local acupoints, at which acupuncture stimulation causes various afferent fiber groups to be excited. However what happens in local nerve fibers and mast cells after MA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the response of cutaneous nerve fibers and mast cells to MA stimulation in acupoint Hegu (LI4). The contralateral LI4 of the same rat was used as a non-stimulated control. Immnohistochemistry analysis were carried out to observe the expression of histamine (HA), serotonin (5-HT) and nociceptive neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP), in the LI4 area. Mast cells were labeled with anti-mast cell tryptase antibody and simultaneously with HA or 5-HT primary antibodies to observe their co-expression. Our results showed that SP and CGRP were expressed more highly on the cutaneous nerve fibers of LI4 after MA stimulation than that of the control. Mast cells aggregated in close proximity to the blood vessels in intra-epidermis and dermis and some of them with degranulation in the lower dermis and subcutaneous tissue of LI4. Both mast cells and their granules appeared with HA (+) and 5-HT (+) expression at stimulated L14 sites, while a few intact mast cells with a little expression of 5-HT and HA were distributed in areas of non-stimulated L14. The results indicated that local cutaneous nerve terminals and mast cells responded to MA with higher expression of SP and CGRP in nerve fibers, as well as with aggregation and degranulation of mast cells with HA and 5-HT granules at acupoint LI4. These neuroactive substances may convey signals to certain pathways that contribute to the effects of acupuncture.     

Silent cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Effects of antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride

BACKGROUND: To determine whether diabetic nephropathy is a risk factor for silent cerebral infarction and whether antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride decreases the occurrence of silent cerebral infarction in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. METHODS: Two hundred four type 2 diabetes patients (124 men, 80 women; age, median 56 years, range 42-74 years) and 60 healthy age-matched subjects (no diabetes, normal renal function) were recruited for brain magnetic resonance imaging. The diabetes patients included 40 without nephropathy (group A), 42 with microalbuminuria (20-200 microg/min) (group B), 44 with macroalbuminuria (>200 microg/min) and normal renal function (blood creatinine <132.7 micromol/L) (group C), 33 with chronic renal failure but not undergoing haemodialysis (blood creatinine >132.7 micromol/L; mean creatinine 335.9 micromol/L) (group D) and 45 undergoing haemodialysis (duration; median 4 years, range 3-6 years) (group E). RESULTS: Silent cerebral infarction was found in 20, 29, 34, 45, 53 and 8% of group A, B, C, D, E and control patients respectively. The incidence of silent cerebral infarction was increased with diabetic nephropathy. Thirty group B patients with no silent cerebral infarction were divided into two groups: (B1) 15 treated with dilazep dihydrochloride and (B2) 15 not treated with dilazep dihydrochloride. Treatment continued for 24 months. The incidence of silent cerebral infarction was significantly lower in the dilazep-treated patients (6.7%) than in the untreated patients (33.3%) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that diabetic renal dysfunction increases the risk of silent cerebral infarction and that dilazep dihydrochloride prevents its onset in early type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients.     

Age-related loss of cardiac preconditioning: impact of protein kinase A

Helium induces preconditioning (He-PC) by mitochondrial calcium-sensitive potassium (mK_Ca) channel-activation, but this effect is lost in the aged myocardium. Both, the upstream signalling pathway of He-PC and the underlying mechanisms for an age-related loss of preconditioning are unknown. A possible candidate as upstream regulator of mK_Ca channels is protein kinase A (PKA).We investigated whether 1) regulation of PKA is involved in He-PC and 2) regulation of PKA is age-dependent.Young (2-3 months) and aged (22-24 months) Wistar rats were randomised to eight groups (each n = 8). All animals underwent 25 min regional myocardial ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Control (Con, Age Con) animals were not further treated. Young rats inhaled 70% helium for 3 × 5min (He-PC). The PKA-blocker H-89 (10 μg/kg) was administered with and without helium (He-PC + H-89, H-89). Furthermore, we tested the effect of direct activation of mK_Ca channels with NS1619. The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (For) was administered in young (300 μg/kg) and aged animals (300 and 1000 μg/kg).He-PC reduced infarct size from 60 ± 4% (Con) to 37 ± 10% (p < 0.05). Infarct size reduction was completely abolished by H-89 (58 ± 5%; p < 0.05), but H-89 alone had no effect (57 ± 2%). NS1619 reduced infarct size in the same concentration in both, young and aged rats (35 ± 6%; p < 0.05 vs. Con and 34 ± 8%; p < 0.05 vs. Age Con). Forskolin in a concentration of 300 μg/kg reduced infarct size in young (37 ± 6%; p < 0.05) but not in aged rats (48 ± 13%; n.s.). In contrast, 1000 μg/kg Forskolin reduced infarct size also in aged rats (28 ± 3%; p < 0.05).He-PC is mediated by activation of PKA. Alterations in PKA regulation might be an underlying mechanism for the age-dependent loss of preconditioning.     

3‐[(2,4‐dimethoxy)benzylidene]‐anabaseine dihydrochloride protects against 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced parkinsonian neurodegeneration through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation in rats

To explore a novel therapy against Parkinson's disease through enhancement of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of 3‐[(2,4‐dimethoxy)benzylidene]‐anabaseine dihydrochloride (DMXBA; GTS‐21), a functionally selective α7 nAChR agonist, in a rat 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐induced hemiparkinsonian model. Microinjection of 6‐OHDA into the nigrostriatal pathway of rats destroys dopaminergic neurons selectively. DMXBA dose dependently inhibited methamphetamine‐stimulated rotational behavior and dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by 6‐OHDA. The protective effects were abolished by methyllycaconitine citrate salt hydrate, an α7 nAChR antagonist. Immunohistochemical study confirmed abundant α7 nAChR expression in the cytoplasm of dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate that DMXBA prevented 6‐OHDA‐induced dopaminergic neuronal loss through stimulating α7 nAChR in dopaminergic neurons. Injection of 6‐OHDA elevated immunoreactivities to glial markers such as ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, CD68, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats. In contrast, these immunoreactivities were markedly inhibited by comicroinjection of DMXBA. Microglia also expressed α7 nAChR in both resting and activated states. Hence, we hypothesize that DMXBA simultaneously affects microglia and dopaminergic neurons and that both actions lead to dopaminergic neuroprotection. The findings that DMXBA attenuates 6‐OHDA‐induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and glial activation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease raisethe possibility that DMXBA could be a novel therapeutic compound to prevent Parkinson's disease development. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Time Interval of Two Injections and First-Dose Dependent of Accelerated Blood Clearance Phenomenon Induced by PEGylated Liposomal Gambogenic Acid: The Contribution of PEG-Specific IgM

Repeated injection of PEGylated liposomes can cause the disappearance of long circulating property because of the induction of anti-PEG IgM antibody referred to as “accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon.” Although ABC phenomenon typically occurs when entrapped drugs are chemotherapeutic agent with low cytotoxic, there is little evidence of accelerated blood clearance of PEGylated herbal-derived compound on repeated injection. Herein, we investigated the blood concentration of PEGylated liposomal gambogenic acid (PEG-GEA-L), a model PEGylated liposomal herbal extract, on its repeated injection to rats. We found time interval between injections had considerable impact on the magnitude of ABC phenomenon induced by PEG-GEA-L. When time interval was prolonged from 3 days to 7 days, ABC phenomenon could be attenuated. Furthermore, its magnitude was enhanced accompanied by a marked rise in the accumulation of PEG-GEA-L in the liver and spleen in a first-dose–dependent manner. Consistently, the level of anti-PEG IgM significantly increased with the first dose of PEG-GEA-L and decreased with the extended time interval between injections, which implies anti-PEG IgM is a major contributor to the ABC phenomenon. Notably, the increased expression of liver anti-PEG IgM was accompanied by an increased expression of efflux transporters in the induction process of the ABC phenomenon.     

盐酸诺拉曲塞的合成

2-溴-4-硝基甲苯经催化氢化、与水合氯醛和盐酸羟胺反应、环合制得4-溴-5-甲基靛红,再经Baeyer-Villiger反应、甲酯化、与盐酸氯甲脒环合、Ullmann反应、成盐结晶制得胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂盐酸诺拉曲塞二水合物,总收率为8%。     

Evaluation of free radical scavenging and antityrosinase activities of standardized longan fruit extract.

The protective effects of fruits and vegetables against chronic diseases have been attributed to the antioxidant properties of some secondary metabolites present in these foods. Plant polyphenols have been reported to exhibit bioactive properties, and in particular antioxidant activities. Longan seeds are found to contain high levels of some beneficial polyphenolic compounds such as corilagin, gallic acid and ellagic acid. The present study examined the free radical scavenging activity of longan seed extract by using three different assay methods. Longan extracts contained corilagin ranging from zero to 50.64 mg/g DW, gallic acid from 9.18 to 23.04 mg/g DW, and ellagic acid from 8.13 to 12.65 mg/g DW depending on the cultivars. Dried longan seed extracts of cultivar Edor contained high levels of gallic acid and ellagic acid and also exhibited the highest radical scavenging activities when comparing fresh seed and dried pulp extracts. For scavenging activity of DPPH and superoxide radicals, longan seed extract was found to be as effective as Japanese green tea extract while dried longan pulp and mulberry green tea extracts showed the least scavenging activities. In the ORAC assay, both fresh and dried longan seed also had higher activity than dried pulp and whole fruit. However, the results demonstrate that three polyphenolics may not be the major contributors of the high antioxidant activity of longan water extracts but this high activity may be due to other phenolic/flavonoid glycosides and ellagitannins present in longan fruit. In addition, longan seed also showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC(50) values of 2.9-3.2 mg/ml. Therefore, the preliminary observations suggest that longan seed extract could be another potential source of potent natural dietary antioxidants and also in an application as a new natural skin-whitening agent.