Oxidative damage on DNA induced by asbestos and man-made fibers in vitro

Summary We compared the potential of asbestos and man-made fibers to attack DNA by the determination of the yield of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dGuo) under several in vitro conditions. Asbestos induced 6.6–99.8 of 8-OH-dGuo per 10⁵ dGuo in calf thymus DNA after 20 h of incubation, while the levels of 8-OH-dGuo in man-made fibers were low (3.6–9.4). The amounts of 8-OH-dGuo were strongly stimulated by the addition of H₂O₂ in asbestos, but not in man-made fibers. However, the yield of 8-OH-dGuo was induced more than that with asbestos by the further addition of FeSO₄ in attapulgite, fiberglass, potassium titanate whisker, and metaphosphate polymer. The addition of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) promoted the induction of 8-OH-dGuo with asbestos and H₂O₂. The effects of mannitol (known as a hydroxy radical scavenger) were not dramatic on 8-OH-dGuo induction by all fibers except fiberglass and basic magnesium sulfate whisker, which induced higher amounts after mannitol addition than in these fibers and H₂O₂. Therefore, it was suggested that asbestos could damage DNA, resulting in 8-OH-dGuo as a cause of point mutation, and also several types of manmade fibers had similar effects to asbestos under certain conditions.     

Pyrosequencing: applicability for studying DNA damage‐induced mutagenesis

Site‐specifically modified DNAs are routinely used in the study of DNA damage‐induced mutagenesis. These analyses involve the creation of DNA vectors containing a lesion at a pre‐determined position, DNA replication, and detection of mutations at the target site. The final step has previously required the isolation of individual DNA clones, hybridization with radioactively labeled probes, and verification of mutations by Sanger sequencing. In the search for an alternative procedure that would allow direct quantification of sequence variants in a mixed population of DNA molecules, we evaluated the applicability of pyrosequencing to site‐specific mutagenesis assays. The progeny DNAs were analyzed that originated from replication of N⁶‐(deoxy‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐2,6‐diamino‐3,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐5‐N‐methylformamidopyrimidine (MeFapy‐dG)‐containing vectors in primate cells, with the lesion being positioned in the 5′‐GCNGG‐3′ sequence context. Pyrosequencing detected ～8% G to T transversions and ～3.5% G to A transitions, a result that was in excellent agreement with frequencies previously measured by the standard procedure (Earley LF et al. [2013]: Chem Res Toxicol 26:1108–1114). However, ～3.5% G to C transversions and ～2.0% deletions could not be detected by pyrosequencing. Consistent with these observations, the sensitivity of pyrosequencing for measuring the single deoxynucleotide variants differed depending on the deoxynucleotide identity, and in the given sequence contexts, was determined to be ～1–2% for A and T and ～5% for C. Pyrosequencing of other DNA isolates that were obtained following replication of MeFapy‐dG‐containing vectors in primate cells or Escherichia coli, identified several additional limitations. Collectively, our data demonstrated that pyrosequencing can be used for studying DNA damage‐induced mutagenesis as an effective complementary experimental approach to current protocols. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:601–608, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Down-regulation of deoxycytidine kinase in human leukemic cell lines resistant to cladribine and clofarabine and increased ribonucleotide reductase activity contributes to fludarabine resistance

Mechanisms of acquired resistance to three purine analogues, 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine, CdA), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (fludarabine, Fara-A), and 2-chloro-2'-arabino-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (clofarabine, CAFdA) were investigated in a human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM). These analogues are pro-drugs and must be activated by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). The CdA and CAFdA resistant cell lines exhibited increased resistance to the other nucleoside analogues activated by dCK. This was also the case for the Fara-A resistant cells, except that they were sensitive to CAFdA and guanosine analogues. The CdA and CAFdA resistant cells displayed a deficiency in dCK activity (to <5%) while the Fara-A resistant cells showed only a minor reduction of dCK activity (20% reduction). The activity of high K(m) 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) (cN-II) using IMP as substrate, was 2-fold elevated in the resistant cell lines. The amount of the small subunit R2 of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) was higher in the Fara-A resistant cells, which translated into a higher RR activity, while CdA and CAFdA cells had decreased activity compared to the parental cells. Expression of the recently identified RR subunit, p53R2 full-size protein, in CAFdA cells was low compared to parental cells, but a protein of lower molecular weight was detected in CdA and CAFdA cells. Co-incubation of Fara-A with the RR inhibitor 3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid (didox) enhanced cytotoxicity in the Fara-A resistant cells by a factors of 20. Exposure of the cells to the nucleoside analogues studied here also caused structural and numerical instability of the chromosomes; the most profound changes were recorded for CAFdA cells, as demonstrated by SKY and CGH analysis. We conclude that down-regulation of dCK in cells resistant to CdA and CAFdA and increased activity of RR in cells resistant to Fara-A contribute to resistance.     

酒精戒断所致震颤谵妄与非震颤谵妄患者DNA 氧化损伤的比较

目的 DNA氧化损伤标记物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G)与酒精戒断有密切联系,本研究通过对酒精戒断所致震颤谵妄与非震颤谵妄患者DNA氧化损伤的比较,为临床早发现早治疗提供理论依据。方法将176例慢性酒精中毒患者按入院后是否出现震颤谵妄分为震颤谵妄组及非震颤谵妄组,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清8-OHd G水平,采用酒精戒断状态评定量表(CIWA-Ar)评定两组戒断严重程度。结果震颤谵妄组8-OHd G水平高于非震颤谵妄组,差异有统计学意义[(0.58±0.12)ng/ml vs.(0.35±0.13)ng/ml,P0.01];8-OHd G水平与酒精戒断状态评定量表CIWA-Ar评分呈正相关(r=0.84);逐步Logistic回归分析显示8-OHd G(OR=6.3)是震颤谵妄的独立危险因素。结论检测外周血8-OHd G水平可能有助于酒精戒断所致震颤谵妄的早期诊断及病情判定。     

Determinants of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in Chinese children with acute leukemia

The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidized nucleoside of DNA, not only is a widely used biomarker for the measurement of endogenous oxidative DNA damage, but might also be a risk factor for many diseases including cancer. Elevated level of urinary 8-OHdG has been detected in patients with various malignancies. In the present study, the level of urinary 8-OHdG was examined in 116 Chinese children with acute leukemia (94 acute lymphoid leukemia, ALL, 22 acute myeloid leukemia, AML), and its correlation with urinary metal elements was investigated. Our result showed that the level of urinary 8-OHdG in children with acute leukemia before treatment was significantly elevated compared with that in normal controls (11.92 +/- 15.42 vs. 4.03 +/- 4.70 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.05). In particular, urinary 8-OHdG was higher in children with acute leukemia aged under 3 years (20.86 +/- 21.75 ng/mg creatinine) than in those aged 3-15 years (8.09 +/- 9.65 ng/mg creatinine), whereas no differences were shown in terms of gender, parental smoking and education, household income, place of residence, and use of paracetamol. In addition, urinary 8-OHdG levels were similar among different subtypes of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) patients. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between urinary 8-OHdG and urinary Cr, but not Fe or As, in group aged <3 years compared with group aged 3-15 years (P = 0.041), indicating that the metal elements may be involved in increasing urinary 8-OHdG level in younger children with acute leukemia. Our results suggest that children with acute leukemia undergo an increased risk of oxidative DNA damage, which may be correlated with high level of Cr exposure in Chinese children with acute leukemia.     

Reduced mitochondrial coenzyme Q10 levels in HepG2 cells treated with high-dose simvastatin: a possible role in statin-induced hepatotoxicity?

Lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is well achieved by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins). Statins inhibit the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a precursor for cholesterol and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). In HepG2 cells, simvastatin decreased mitochondrial CoQ10 levels, and at higher concentrations was associated with a moderately higher degree of cell death, increased DNA oxidative damage and a reduction in ATP synthesis. Supplementation of CoQ10, reduced cell death and DNA oxidative stress, and increased ATP synthesis. It is suggested that CoQ10 deficiency plays an important role in statin-induced hepatopathy, and that CoQ10 supplementation protects HepG2 cells from this complication.     

Expression of deoxynucleoside kinases and 5'-nucleotidases in mouse tissues: implications for mitochondrial toxicity

Anti-HIV nucleoside therapy can result in mitochondrial toxicity affecting muscles, peripheral nerves, pancreas and adipose tissue. The cytosolic deoxycytidine kinase (dCK; EC 2.7.1.74) and thymidine kinase (TK1; EC 2.7.1.21), the mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2) and deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK; EC 2.7.1.113) as well as 5'-deoxynucleotidases (5'-dNT; EC 3.1.3.5) are enzymes that control rate-limiting steps in formation of intracellular and intra-mitochondrial nucleotides. The mRNA levels and activities of these enzymes were determined in mouse tissues, using real-time PCR and selective enzyme assays. The expression of mRNA for all these enzymes and the mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier was detected in all tissues with a 5-10-fold variation. TK1 activities were only clearly detected in spleen and testis, while TK2, dGK and dCK activities were found in all tissues. dGK activities were higher than any other dNK in all tissues, except spleen and testis. In skeletal muscle dGK activity was 5-fold lower, TK2 and dCK levels were 10-fold lower as compared with other tissues. The variation in 5'-dNT activities was about eight-fold with the highest levels in brain and lowest in brown fat. Thus, the salvage of deoxynucleosides in muscles is 5-10-fold lower as compared to other non-proliferating tissues and 100-fold lower compared to spleen. These results may help to explain tissue specific toxicity observed with nucleoside analogs used in HIV treatment as well as symptoms in inherited mitochondrial TK2 deficiencies.     

不同粒径纳米二氧化钛对大鼠氧化应激的影响

目的探讨不同粒径的纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)对大鼠氧化应激的影响。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、溶剂对照组以及200、25和15 nm 3种粒径的TiO2染毒组。每天以40 mg TiO2进行皮肤染毒,连续染毒7 d,股动脉取血,检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)等指标。结果200、25和15 nm TiO2染毒组雌性大鼠血清SOD活性分别为(22.73±5.10)、(18.13±6.02)和(12.87±4.23)U/ml,空白对照和溶剂对照组分别为(28.77±3.05)和(24.43±5.92)U/ml,25 nm TiO2染毒组SOD活性较空白对照组下降(P0.05),15 nm TiO2染毒组较空白对照、溶剂对照和200 nm TiO2染毒组均下降(P0.05),而雄性大鼠各组间SOD活性无明显变化(P0.05);200、25和15 nm TiO2染毒组雌性大鼠血清8-OHdG分别为(7.91±0.66)、(8.02±0.93)和(8.93±0.56)ng/ml,空白对照和溶剂对照组分别为(7.24±0.69)和(7.66±0.69)ng/ml,15 nm TiO2染毒组8-OHdG含量较空白对照、溶剂对照组均升高(P0.05),而雄性大鼠各组间8-OHdG无明显变化(P0.05);CAT活性、MDA含量各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 25 nm和15 nm级TiO2皮肤染毒可引起大鼠氧化应激反应,该反应与TiO2的粒径大小有关,并具有性别差异。