A facile synthesis of [14C]pyrithiobac‐sodium

Condensation of thiourea 1 with diethyl malonate 2 in the presence of sodium methoxide furnished 4,6‐dihydroxy‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine 3 . Compound 3 on methylation with diazomethane followed by oxidation with H₅IO₆/CrO₃ in ethyl acetate gave 4,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐methylsulphonylpyrimidine 5 . Compound 5 on condensation with 2‐mercapto‐6‐chlorobenzoic acid in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide and sodium carbonate gave the title compound – pyrithiobac‐sodium 6 with an overall yield of > 35% starting from thiourea. Following the above standardized procedure, using [¹⁴C]‐thiourea in lieu of thiourea, ¹⁴C labelled product 6 , was synthesized with an overall radiochemical yield > 30% (with respect to [¹⁴C]‐thiourea) for further evaluations of environmental fate of 6 , in soils and plants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calcium homeostasis and glucose uptake of murine myotubes exposed to insulin,caffeine and 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol

The modulation of glucose uptake by cytosolic calcium and the role of insulin on calcium homeostasis in insulin‐target cells are incompletely understood and results are contradictory. To address this issue, we used the C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cell line model and examined the influence of caffeine and 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol, two ryanodine receptor agonists known to mobilize intracellular calcium stores and increase cytosolic free calcium concentration. We followed ⁴⁵calcium efflux, a validated indicator of cytosolic calcium concentration, and 3‐O‐methyl‐[1–³H]‐d ‐glucose uptake in parallel. We also determined if insulin incubation affected ⁴⁵calcium influx rate. A 30‐min treatment by 1 μm insulin highly significantly increased ⁴⁵calcium efflux by 8.5% (P = 0.0014), despite a significant reduction of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ influx already measurable after 20 and 30 min of insulin stimulation (?16.6%, P = 0.0119 and ?21.3%, P = 0.0047, respectively). Caffeine (1–20 mm ) and 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol (0.05–10 mm ) concentration‐dependently increased ⁴⁵calcium efflux, the latter being more potent and efficacious. These agents, in a concentration‐dependent manner, inhibited both basal and, more potently, insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake. This resulted in a negative correlation of glucose uptake and ⁴⁵calcium efflux (r > 0.95, P < 0.001). This effect was ～5 times greater for caffeine than for 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol, suggesting a calcium‐independent part of the glucose uptake inhibition by caffeine. In our in vitro model of cultured muscle cells, insulin appears to prevent calcium overload by both stimulating efflux and inhibiting cell storage. This effect, taken together with the observed inhibitory, inverse relationship between ⁴⁵calcium efflux and glucose uptake, contributes to describing the complex insulin–calcium interplay involved in target cells.     

新抗肿瘤化合物8-氯腺苷代谢物在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的 :全面了解一次静注 8 氯腺苷后其代谢产物在大鼠体内药代动力学的规律及特点 ,为临床实验提供理论依据。方法 :给大鼠单次静注 4种剂量 8 氯腺苷后 ,应用HPLC方法测定在体液和组织中 8 氯腺苷代谢产物8 氯肌苷和 8 氯嘌呤的含量。结果 :8 氯腺苷在大鼠体内迅速转化为代谢产物 8 氯肌苷和 8 氯嘌呤。代谢产物之一 8 氯嘌呤半衰期 (t1/2 )有随用药剂量的增加而延长的趋势 ,为 10 .15～ 32 .84min。药时曲线下面积 (areaunderthecurve ,AUC)在 8 氯腺苷剂量增加至 15 0mg·kg-1时不成比例地增高 ,呈非线性动力学消除的特点。另一代谢产物 8 氯肌苷的t1/2 约为 10 0min ,在剂量增加至 10 0mg·kg-1时 ,其AUC不成比例地增加 ,呈非线性动力学消除的特点。除脂肪、脑、睾丸组织外 ,8 氯肌苷和 8 氯嘌呤在体内分布广泛 ,其中肝、肾等代谢和排泄器官的含量较高。药物主要以代谢物形式从尿及胆汁中排泄 ,排泄量占总给药量的 39.81%。结论 :静注 8 氯腺苷后 8 氯嘌呤在大鼠血中迅速生成 ,消除也比较迅速 ,8 氯肌苷在大鼠血中出现较晚 ,消除也比较缓慢 ,两种代谢物在用药剂量 2 5～ 10 0mg·kg-1范围内呈线性动力学消除 ,当剂量增加至 10 0～ 15 0mg·kg-1有非线性动力学消除的趋势。两代谢物广泛分布于各组织     

5-氯吲哚酮的合成

目的 优化5--氯吲哚酮合成工艺，提高其收率。方法 以对氯苯胺为起始原料，与水合氯醛及盐酸羟胺反应生成对氯异亚硝基乙酰苯胺，然后在浓硫酸作用下经环合、水解得到5—氯靛红，再经Wolff—Kishner—黄鸣龙反应得到5—氯吲哚酮。结果与结论 总收率可达71％。本法具有原料价廉易得，反应条件温和，操作简便，收率高等优点。     

Synthesis of (S)‐cyano(3‐phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1R,3R)‐ 3‐[(1Z)‐2‐chloro‐3,3,3‐trifluoro‐1‐propenyl]‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate‐1‐14C

γ‐Cyhalothrin ( 1a ), (S)‐cyano(3‐phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1R,3R)‐3‐[(1Z)‐2‐chloro‐3,3,3‐trifluoro‐1‐propenyl]‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, is a single‐isomer, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide marketed by Pytech Chemicals GmbH, a joint venture between Dow AgroSciences and Cheminova A/S. As a part of the registration process there was a need to incorporate a carbon‐14 label into the cyclopropyl ring of this molecule. A high yielding radiochemical synthesis of γ‐cyhalothrin was developed from readily available carbon‐14 labeled N‐t‐Boc protected glycine. This seven step synthesis, followed by a preparative normal phase HPLC separation of diastereomers, provided 21.8 mCi of γ‐cyhalothrin‐1‐¹⁴C ( 1b ) with >98% radiochemical purity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Patch test results with the metalworking fluid series of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG)

Based on the information of the interdisciplinary task force on allergy diagnostics in the metal branch, in 2001, the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) compiled two metalworking fluid (MWF) test series with currently and previously used components, respectively. After 2 years of patch testing, we present results obtained with these series, based on data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). 251 metalworkers who were patch tested because of suspected MWF dermatitis in 2002 and 2003 were included in this retrospective data analysis. Of these, 206 were tested with the current MWF series and 155 with the historical MWF series. Among the current MWF allergens, monoethanolamine ranked 1st with 11.6% positive reactions. Diethanolamine (3.0%), triethanolamine (1.1%), and diglycolamine (1.9%) elicited positive reactions far less frequently. Allergic reactions to p-aminoazobenzene were frequently observed (6.0%), but the relevance of these reactions is still obscure. Positive reactions to biocides ranged from 4.5% for Bioban CS 1135 to 0.5% for iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and 2-phenoxyethanol. Concomitant reactions to formaldehyde, which caused positive reactions in 3.3%, and formaldehyde releasers occurred to varying extents without conclusive pattern. No positive reactions were seen to dibutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, isopropyl myristate or benzotriazole. With the historical MWF test series, positive reactions to methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) were observed most frequently. However, sensitization via allergen sources other than MWF seems likely, as MDBGN, during the study period, has been one of the most frequent preservative allergens in cosmetics and body care products. Other historical MWF allergens comprised morpholinyl mercaptobenzothiazole (3.3%), benzisothiazolinone (BIT; 2.0%) and Bioban P 1487(1.3%). BIT is currently used in MWF again, so it was shifted to the current MWF test series. As decreasing reaction frequencies to former MWF allergens that are no longer used can be expected, the historical series should be re-evaluated after some years. The test series with current MWF allergens has to be kept up-to-date based on information from industry and to be kept concise by eliminating test substances which never cause positive reactions.     

Pathway analysis of gene expression in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to three different sensitizers

Genomic analysis in the local lymph node assays (LLNAs) is useful for assessing skin sensitization of chemicals and providing insights into mechanisms of sensitization. In this study, we collected 1406 genes from previous microarray findings, validated changes in their expression by RT‐PCR analysis in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to different sensitizers, and interpreted their biological function through pathway‐based genomic analysis, in which 468 genes were identified as being in the KEGG pathway database. The top‐ranked functions (P < 0.01) identified as being affected by the sensitizers were associated with aspects of cell growth, such as DNA replication, cell cycle regulation and pyrimidine metabolism. All the sensitizers tested (DNCB, OXA and TDI) induced significant up‐regulation of Psme4, which is associated with DNA replication; Tfdp1, which is related to cell cycle regulation; and Dut, which is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Specific changes were also shown in functional categories related to the immune response, including cytokines and their receptors. Genes identified in these functional categories, such as Ccl21c, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ifng and Il12rb1, were found to have functional relevance. These findings may enhance our understanding and assessment of chemical sensitizers, and enable us to distinguish sensitizers from irritants and to classify chemicals as contact sensitizers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泽它洗剂中4—氯—3，5—二甲苯酚柱切换HPLC法测定

用柱换HPLC法快速测定泽它洗剂中4－氯－3，5－二甲酚含量。以含量内标羟苯甲酸丙酯的甲醇，超声提取泽它洗剂，离心后取上清液直接进样。预柱为YWGC18（10um），分析柱为Shim-pack CLC-ODS(5um），流动相均为甲醇－水（70：30），检测波长280nm。平均加样回收率为99.84％，RSD＝0.79%.