Bismuth Sodium Titanate Based Materials for Piezoelectric Actuators

The ban of lead in many electronic products and the expectation that, sooner or later, this ban will include the currently exempt piezoelectric ceramics based on Lead-Zirconate-Titanate has motivated many research groups to look for lead-free substitutes. After a short overview on different classes of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with large strain, this review will focus on Bismuth-Sodium-Titanate and its solid solutions. These compounds exhibit extraordinarily high strain, due to a field induced phase transition, which makes them attractive for actuator applications. The structural features of these materials and the origin of the field-induced strain will be revised. Technologies for texturing, which increases the useable strain, will be introduced. Finally, the features that are relevant for the application of these materials in a multilayer design will be summarized.     

米索前列醇应用于晚期妊娠引产的临床研究

目的 :研究孕激素受体拮抗剂米索前列醇对妊娠晚期引产的效果。方法 :采用双盲对照法 ,选择晚期妊娠无米索前列醇禁忌证 6 0例为研究组 ,采用阴道给药总量 1 0 0mg ;另选择有关参数相同的 6 0例 ,应用催产素 ,两组观察相关指标体系进行比较。结果 :引产效果 ,分娩时间 ,宫颈评分等指标研究组均优于对照组。结论 :米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产效果优 ,安全     

蒙脱石治疗消化性溃疡50例

目的 :评价蒙脱石治疗消化性溃疡的临床疗效与安全性。方法 :蒙脱石组 (5 0例 )患胃溃疡 18例和十二指肠球部溃疡 32例 [男性 35例 ,女性 15例 ,年龄 (5 0±s 11)a],用蒙脱石散剂 3g ,tid ,疗程 4wk。胶态次枸橼酸铋组 (30例 )患胃溃疡 12例和十二指肠球部溃疡 18例 [男性 2 0例 ,女性 10例 ,年龄(48± 13)a],用胶态次枸橼酸铋胶囊 110mg ,tid ,疗程 4wk。结果 :蒙脱石组消化性溃疡愈合率为80 % ,总有效率为 90 % ,胶态次枸橼酸铋组消化性溃疡愈合率为 6 0 % ,总有效率为 77% ;2组愈合率、总有效率相比 ,差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,2组疗效的比较差异亦无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。 2组不良反应均轻 ,分别为 4 %和 3% (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :蒙脱石治疗消化性溃疡有较好疗效 ,且不良反应少而轻微 ,是一种安全有效的药物     

儿童幽门螺杆菌感染患儿不同治疗方案的疗效观察

目的观察克拉霉素、阿莫西林、奥美拉唑三联短程疗法对幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的根除率,探讨初治失败后治疗方案的选择。方法经胃镜检查、组织活检确诊为Hp感染患儿86例,男50例,女36例。分为克拉霉素组62例,用克拉霉素、阿莫西林、奥美拉唑三联1周疗法;甲硝唑组24例,用甲硝唑、阿莫西林、奥美拉唑三联2周疗法。停药后4周,检测Hp根除率。对2组初治失败者进行复治,克拉霉素组增加克拉霉素剂量和延长奥美拉唑疗程;甲硝唑组采用克拉霉素三联1周疗法。复治再失败者采用铋剂四联疗法。结果克拉霉素组Hp根除率91.9%(57/62)较甲硝唑组75%(18/24)高,有显著性差异(χ2=4.448P<0.05)。本组共11例根除失败,采用3种复治方法后,根除率分别为80%(4/5)、66.7%(4/6)、100.0%(3/3)。结论克拉霉素三联1周短程疗法是根除儿童Hp感染的理想治疗方案。适当增加克拉霉素剂量和延长奥美拉唑疗程可提高根除率。采用铋剂四联法对克拉霉素耐药者有效。     

Targeted alpha therapy with bismuth‐213 and actinium‐225: Meeting future demand

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer. The use of alpha emitters for cancer therapy has two distinct advantages over conventional therapies. The short range of alpha radiation in human tissue (less than 0.1 mm), corresponding to only a few cell diameters, allows selective killing of targeted cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. At the same time, the high energy (several MeV) of alpha radiation and its associated high linear energy transfer leads to highly effective cell kill. Consequently, alpha radiation can destroy cells which otherwise exhibit resistance to treatment with beta or gamma irradiation or chemotherapeutic drugs, and can thus offer a therapeutic option for tumors resistant to conventional therapies. Recent results demonstrating the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of alpha emitters to treat various cancers have underlined the clinical potential of TAT. This paper describes the recent clinical experience with ²¹³Bi and ²²⁵Ac. In view of the enormous benefit of targeted cancer treatment with alpha emitters, their production will have to be considerably increased beyond current supply capabilities. Alternative production methods based on the irradiation of uranium, thorium, or radium targets at reactors or accelerator facilities have the potential to meet future demand.     

铋剂在幽门螺杆菌根除中的不良反应及预防

目的:系统总结铋剂在根除幽门螺杆菌中的不良反应。方法:检索pubmed、万方、CNKI等数据库中与含铋剂方案根除幽门螺杆菌相关的文章。结果:铋剂相关的不良反应以胃肠道系统最为常见,如腹痛、腹泻、黑便和厌食、恶心/呕吐、口腔金属味、便秘等;其次为头晕、头痛等神经系统不良反应以及皮疹、皮肤瘙痒、肝功能异常等,与益生菌和乳铁蛋白联用可能减少不良反应的发生。结论:铋剂相关的不良反应大多轻微、短暂和可逆。     

含雷贝拉唑与枸橼酸铋雷尼替丁的两种三联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的疗效比较

目的:比较含雷贝拉唑(RAZ)与枸橼酸铋雷尼替丁(RBC)的两种三联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的临床疗效。方法:将确诊为消化性溃疡的患者148例按随机数字表法均分为RAZ组和RBC组,分别给予RAZ/RBC+克拉霉素+甲硝唑的三联疗法治疗1周,之后两组患者均单服RAZ或RBC治疗3周,疗程共4周。治疗结束后比较两组患者的疗效、溃疡愈合率和幽门螺杆菌(Hp)根除情况,并观察治疗中的不良反应。结果:治疗结束后,RAZ组与RBC组患者的临床总有效率分别为88.7%、83.3%,Hp根除率分别为87.3%、93.1%,溃疡愈合率分别为85.9%、87.5%,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的不良反应均较轻,不影响治疗,可自行好转。结论:含RAZ与RBC的两种三联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的疗效相当,且安全性均较好。     

Site of Bismuth Absorption from Bismuth Subsalicylate

Poorly absorbed bismuth preparations may benefit a variety of chronic colonic conditions including ulcerative colitis. Bismuth-induced neurotoxicity is a potential complication of the chronic use of these preparations, and a less-absorbable form of bismuth is needed. If bismuth absorption occurs primarily in the upper gut, a delayed-release bismuth preparation could reduce absorption. We studied the site of bismuth absorption from bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) in rats. For 15 days, BSS (50 mg/day) was ingested or infused directly into the cecum via a chronically implanted cannula. Oral BSS resulted in serum and urine bismuth levels many times higher (3.5 ± 0.3 g/liter and 1570 ± 286 g/g creatinine, respectively) than with cecal administration (undetectable (<1.5 g/liter) and 75 ± 25 g/g creatinine). Thus, bismuth absorption from BSS occurred almost entirely in the upper gut. These findings provide a rationale for a similar study of delayed-release bismuth preparations in humans.     

奥替溴铵、比特诺尔和地芬诺酯治疗肠易激综合征的双盲随机对照研究

目的 探讨奥替溴铵、比特诺尔和地芬诺酯对IBS的治疗作用及副作用。方法 201例IBS腹泻型和腹痛型患者按照双讯随机对照观察分为A组（奥替溴铵）、B组（比特诺尔）和C组（地芬诺酯）。所有患者均需进行治疗前、后症状评分。疗效判断标准为：显著、中度、轻度缓解和无效。结果 三组治疗后症状平均积分均显著低于治疗前（P≤0.048)。A组和C组中度以上缓解率（69.4%和72.1%)显著高于B组（50.75,p=0.029,0.01)。A组治疗后腹痛、腹胀、排便异常感和腹部触痛积分均性减低（P＝0.000-0.039)，B组和C组治疗后腹痛、排便异常（排便次数增多、大便性状、黏液便）和腹部触痛积分和组内平均积分显著低于治疗前（P≤0.047)。A组副作用发生率（8.1%)显著低于B组（23.9%,P=0.014)和C组（35.3%,P=0.000)，主要由于B组（12.7%)和C组（25.0%)便秘发生增加。结论 上述三种药物对IBS的治疗均有效，其中奥替溴铵选择性作用于腹痛型，比特诺尔和地芬诺酯主要作用于腹泻型。奥替溴铵副作用少，耐比特诺尔和地芬诺酯长期使用易导致便秘。