乙肝核酸疫苗在BALB/c小鼠体内的生物分布情况

目的：了解DNA疫苗在BALB／c小鼠体内的生物分布情况，建立DNA疫苗体内生物分布情况研究方法。方法：乙肝核酸疫苗(HBV DNA)经^32P标记、分离、纯化、鉴定后，胫前肌注射给药，结合三氯乙酸(TCA)沉淀，研究肌注乙肝核酸疫苗后BALB／c小鼠体内的生物分布情况。结果：质粒DNA疫苗除注射局部肌肉分布较多外，其他一些重要组织也有分布，其中腺体组织(肾上腺、胰腺、胸腺)中的浓度最高，其次为排泄物(尿、肠内粪)，脑组织中浓度最低。各组织中可沉淀放射性按血浆浓度时间曲线下面积(AUC)从高到低排列依次为胸腺、肾上腺、膀胱、生殖腺、脂肪、肠内粪、胰腺、颌下腺、脾、小肠、眼球、肝、肠内容、肾、甲状腺、肺、淋巴结、对侧肌肉、心脏和脑。结论：^32P标记DNA疫苗后各组织β计数结合三氦乙酸沉淀法研究核酸疫苗生物分布情况，方法灵敏、可靠，易于分析。     

The biodistribution and Kinetics of the Samarium-153 labeled avidin, streptavidin and biotin

Theextraordinaryhighaffinityofavidin(Av)andstrepavidin(SA)forbiotin(Bt)hasbeenutilizedinpretargetingtechniquefordeliveringradiolabeledbi-otinderivativessuitableforimagingandtherapytotarget-boundstreptavidin-oravidin-conjugatedmono-clonalantibodies(mAb).Preliminaryreportsusingthistechniquehavebeenavailableinbothexperimen-talandclinicaltrials,andmuchsuccesshasbeenachieved[1－3].However,questionsremainpertainingtothepharmacokineticsandbiodistributionofradiola-belledSAandAvinmice,andtherolesoft…     

Surface Modification of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanospheres by Biodegradable Poly(lactide)-Poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers

The modification of surface properties of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and model polystyrene nanospheres by poly(lactide)-poly(ethlene glycol) (PLA:PEG) copolymers has been assessed using a range of in vitro characterization methods followed by in vivo studies of the nanospheres biodistribution after intravenous injection into rats. Coating polymers with PLA:PEG ratio of 2:5 and 3:4 (PEG chains of 5000 and 2000 Da, respectively) were studied. The results reveal the formation of a PLA: PEG coating layer on the particle surface resulting in an increase in the surface hydrophilicity and decrease in the surface charge of the nanospheres. The effects of addition of electrolyte and changes in pH on stability of the nanosphere dispersions confirm that uncoated particles are electrostatically stabilized, while in the presence of the copolymers, steric repulsions are responsible for the stability. The PLA:PEG coating also prevented albumin adsorption onto the colloid surface. The evidence that this effect was observed for the PLA:PEG 3:4 coated nanospheres may indicate that a poly(ethylene glycol) chain of 2000 Da can provide an effective repulsive barrier to albumin adsorption. The in vivo results reveal that coating of PLGA nanospheres with PLA:PEG copolymers can alter the biodistribution in comparison to uncoated PLGA nanospheres. Coating of the model polystyrene nanospheres with PLA:PEG copolymers resulted in an initial high circulation level, but after 3 hours the organ deposition data showed values similar to uncoated polystyrene spheres. The difference in the biological behaviour of coated PLGA and polystyrene nanospheres may suggest a different stability of the adsorbed layers on these two systems. A similar biodistribution pattern of PLA:PEG 3:4 to PEG 2:5 coated particles may indicate that poly(ethylene glycol) chains in the range of 2000 to 5000 can produce a comparable effect on in vivo behaviour.     

用125I-M胆碱受体亚型特异抗体测定大鼠脏器M受体亚型的分布

目的人类多种疾病在Ｍ胆碱受体（Ｍ－ＡｃｈＲ）亚型的分布上有差别。本研究旨在根据Ｍ受体的氨基酸序列,合成人工多肽抗原,研究大鼠主要脏器Ｍ受体亚型的分布。方法制备特异性Ｍ１和Ｍ２受体抗体,用１２５标记两种抗体,注射到大鼠体内。结果研究显示Ｍ１和Ｍ２受体在大鼠心脏、肝脏、气管平滑肌、肾脏及肺组织中分布不同。结论人工抗体抗原诱发的Ｍ受体亚型抗体特异性好,为进行Ｍ受体亚型检测提供比较简便、可靠的方法。     

Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin via Sterically Stabilized Immunoliposomes: Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution in Tumor-bearing Mice

Purpose. To evaluate benefits in tumor localization, availability, and noncancerous organ distribution of doxorubicin (DOX) delivered via small (120 nm) sterically stabilized immunoliposomes targeted against a tumor-associated antigen in fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. Methods. DOX-loaded liposomes were prepared with (i) specific monoclonal IgG₃ antibody (32/2, D-SSIL-32/2); (ii) non-specific IgG₃ (D-SSIL-IgG); or (iii) no IgG (D-SSL) on their surface. Equal DOX amounts were injected intravenously via each type of liposome into BALB/c mice carrying experimental lung metastases of a polyoma virus-induced fibrosarcoma (A9 etc 220) expressing a polyoma virus-induced tumor-associated antigen (PAA) on their surface. Metastases occurred mainly in lung. Mice were treated at 3 stages of tumor development (micrometastases, medium-size metastases, and large, necrotic metastases). Performance evaluation was based on time-dependent quantification of DOX and DOX metabolites (DOX-M) in lung tumor, noncancerous organs, and plasma. Results. (i) DOX delivered via both SSIL retained the prolonged circulation time typical of DOX delivered via D-SSL. (ii) DOX accumulation in noncancerous organs was similar for all preparations. Low levels of DOX-M were obtained for all three preparations in all organs except liver, suggesting a similar processing, (iii) Preparations differed in behavior in lung tumor depending on tumor size and microanatomy. Only at the micrometastases stage were the specifically targeted D-SSIL-32/2 superior to D-SSL and D-SSIL-IgG, delivering 2–4 times more drug into the tumor, (iv) DOX-M level in all three tumor stages was in the following order: D-SSIL-32/2 >> D-SSL >> D-SSIL-IgG, suggesting that DOX delivered as D-SSIL-32/2 is most available to tumor cells. Conclusions. The advantage of specific targeting of sterically stabilized liposomes is expressed mainly in increasing availability of DOX to tumor cells in a way which is dependent on tumor microanatomy. The impact of this advantage to therapeutic efficacy remains to be determined.     

盐酸他克林前体药物的研究盐酸他克林前体药物的研究

目的制备盐酸他克林(THA)的酰化前体药物以提高其透过血脑屏障(BBB)的能力。方法THA和酸酐反应制得N-酰化-THA系列前体药物;考察了前体药物在不同介质中的降解情况,并以N-单丁酰-他克林(BTHA)为模型药物,考察其在小鼠体内的分布和降解情况。结果合成的化合物经¹HNMR,MS和IR鉴定为目标化合物。前体药物在不同介质中均较稳定。与原药相比,前药的脂水分布系数增大。BTHA主要分布于脑、血浆和肝脏中(最高浓度分别为17.572 5,13.140 0和22.827 9 mg·L^-1),在肺和心中的分布浓度很低(最高浓度分别为4.947 5和4.492 5 mg·L^-1)。BTHA在脑内的降解速率较慢,给药12 h后仍有较高浓度(2.415 9 mg·L^-1)。结论N-羧酰-THA系列前体药物提高了THA透过BBB的能力,有望成为脑内定向给药的有效途径。     

Pharmacokinetics of cysteamine bitartrate following intraduodenal delivery

Cysteamine is approved for the treatment of cystinosis and is being evaluated for Huntington's disease and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Little is known about the bioavailability and biodistribution of the drug. The aim was to determine plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tissue (liver, kidney, muscle) cysteamine levels following intraduodenal delivery of the drug in rats pretreated and naïve to cysteamine and to estimate the hepatic first‐pass effect on cysteamine. Healthy male rats (n = 66) underwent intraduodenal and portal (PV) or jugular (JVC) venous catheterization. Half were pretreated with cysteamine, and half were naïve. Following intraduodenal cysteamine (20 mg/kg), serial blood samples were collected from the PV or the JVC. Animals were sacrificed at specific time points, and CSF and tissue were collected. Cysteamine levels were determined in plasma, CSF, and tissue. The C_max was achieved in 5–10 min from PV and 5–22.5 min from JVC. The PV‐C_max (P = 0.08), PV‐AUC_0–t (P = 0.16), JVC‐C_max (P = 0.02) and JVC‐AUC_0–t (P = 0.03) were higher in naive than in pretreated animals. Plasma cysteamine levels returned to baseline in ≤120 min. The hepatic first‐pass effect was estimated at 40%. Peak tissue and CSF cysteamine levels occurred ≤22.5 min, but returned to baseline levels ≤180 min. There was no difference in CSF and tissue cysteamine levels between naïve and pretreated groups, although cysteamine was more rapidly cleared in the pretreated group. Cysteamine is rapidly absorbed from the small intestine, undergoes significant hepatic first‐pass metabolism, crosses the blood brain barrier, and is almost undetectable in plasma, CSF, and body tissues 2 h after ingestion. Sustained‐release cysteamine may provide prolonged tissue exposure.     

Rapid spread of mannan to the immune system,skin and joints within 6 hours after local exposure

Psoriasis (Ps), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common diseases dependent on environmental factors that activate the immune system in unknown ways. Mannan is a group of polysaccharides common in the environment; they are potentially pathogenic, because at least some of them induce Ps-, PsA- and RA-like inflammation in mice. Here, we used positron emission tomography/computed tomography to examine in-vivo transport and spread of mannan labelled with fluorine-18 [¹⁸F]. The results showed that mannan was transported to joints (knee) and bone marrow (tibia) of mice within 6 h after intraperitoneal injection. The time it took to transport mannan, and its presence in blood, indicated cellular transport of mannan within the circulatory system. In addition, mannan was filtered mainly through the spleen and liver. [¹⁸F]fluoromannan was excreted via kidneys, small intestine and, to some extent, the mouth. In conclusion, mannan reaches joints rapidly after injection, which may explain why mannan-induced inflammatory disease is targeted to these tissues.     

Hyaluronan-based delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides for treatment of human diseases

Introduction: Oligonucleotide therapeutics such as antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA requires chemical modifications and nano-sized carriers to circumvent stability problems in vivo, to reach target tissues, and to overcome tissue and cellular barriers. Hyaluronic acid (HA), already utilized in drug delivery and tissue engineering, possess properties that are useful to solve these problems and achieve full potential of oligonucleotide therapeutics.

Areas covered: Complexes of oligonucleotide therapeutics with HA are discussed in terms of interactions providing the complexes formation and genes targeted by the therapeutics to cure diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, liver cirrhosis, and inflammation. The achieved therapeutic effects are rationalized as consequences of biodistribution, cell internalization and endosomal escape provided by HA.

Expert opinion: Design of electrostatic, coordination, and hydrophobic interactions as well as covalent conjugation between oligonucleotide drugs, HA macromolecules and intermediate ligands are crucial for carrier–cargo association and dissociation under different conditions to impart oligonucleotides stability in vivo, their accumulation in diseased organs, cellular uptake, and dissociation in cytoplasm intact. These are the delivery factors that provides eventual complex formation of oligonucleotide therapeutics with their mRNA, microRNA, or protein targets. Elucidation of the impact of structural parameters of oligonucleotide/HA complexes on their therapeutic effect in vivo is important for the future rational design of the delivery agents.     

Bone marrow-targeted liposomal carriers

Introduction: Bone marrow-targeted drug delivery systems appear to offer a promising strategy for advancing diagnostic, protective and/or therapeutic medicine for the hematopoietic system. Liposome technology can provide a drug delivery system with high bone marrow targeting that is mediated by specific phagocytosis in bone marrow.

Area covered: This review focuses on a bone marrow-specific liposome formulation labeled with technetium-99 m. Interspecies differences in bone marrow distribution of the bone marrow-targeted formulation are emphasized. This review provides a liposome technology to target bone marrow. In addition, the selection of proper species for the investigation of bone marrow targeting is suggested.

Expert opinion: It can be speculated that the bone marrow macrophages have a role in the delivery of lipids to the bone marrow as a source of energy and for membrane biosynthesis or in the delivery of fat-soluble vitamins for hematopoiesis. This homeostatic system offers a potent pathway to deliver drugs selectively into bone marrow tissues from blood. High selectivity of the present bone marrow-targeted liposome formulation for bone marrow suggests the presence of an active and specific mechanism, but specific factors affecting the uptake of the bone marrow mononuclear phagocyte system are still unknown. Further investigation of this mechanism will increase our understanding of factors required for effective transport of agents to the bone marrow, and may provide an efficient system for bone marrow delivery for therapeutic purposes.