左旋四氢巴马汀对苯丙胺条件性位置偏爱效应的影响

目的　观察左旋四氢巴马汀 (l-tetrahydropalmatine ,l-THP)对苯丙胺 (Amphetamine,AA)的条件性位置偏爱 (conditionalplacepreference,CPP)效应的影响。方法　采用倾向性训练程序训练大鼠 ,建立位置偏爱模型和建立氢化可的松诱发位置偏爱效应重现模型 ,并观察l-THP对其影响。结果　l-THP 10mg·kg-1可阻断AA 2 .0mg·kg-1的位置偏爱效应 ,并且可阻止氢化可的松 10mg·kg-1诱发的位置偏爱效应的重现。结论　AA可使大鼠出现条件性位置偏爱效应 ,并在一定剂量范围内 (0 .5～ 4.0mg·kg-1)呈量效关系 (r=0 .94) ;氢化可的松可使已消失的位置偏爱效应重现 ;以上 2种效应均可被l-THP阻断。     

Criminal Responsibility in Amphetamine Psychosis

Abstract: Historical changes in forensic psychiatric evaluation on criminal responsibility and proceedings in psychopathological findings of amphetamine psychosis are reviewed at first. The classification of amphetamine related mental disorders are proposed in 6 types. Among them, the clinical characteristics and psychopathological features of “Anxiety-situational reaction type” (Fukushima) are described. According to some reasonable grounds, offenders diagnosed as anxiety-situational reaction type should be evaluated as diminished responsibility in place of irresponsibility. Finally, two cases of murder committed under the influence of amphetamine, are reported in detail.     

Patients with methamphetamine psychosis admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Japan

To examine the clinical characteristics of methamphetamine (MAP) psychosis in Japan, we evaluated 104 patients with MAP psychosis (80 men and 24 women) admitted to the closed psychiatric units of Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital between 1988 and 1991. There has recently been a steep increase in the number of admissions for MAP psychosis, reflecting the growth of the epidemic of MAP abuse in Japan. Although more than half of the patients were discharged within one month, 16 patients were hospitalized for more than 3 months. Most of the patients showed paranoid psychotic state similar to schizophrenia, consistent with previous reports. Despite the abstinence from MAP and antipsychotic medication, psychotic symptoms tended to persist in some of the patients. The etiological role of MAP psychosis in the development of long-lasting psychotic state was discussed.     

Long-term culture of neurones from human cerebral cortex in serum-free medium

A method for cultivating neurones from the fetal human central nervous system in the absence of glial cells is described. Brain cells from 15-18-week-old human fetuses are plated on polylysine-coated surfaces and grown in a serum-free hormonally-defined medium. About 98% of the cells were identified as neurones using tetanus toxin as a marker. The cultures survive for up to 7 weeks and develop an extremely complex network of neurites.     

Changes in amphetamine stereotypy in cats after electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus

Two types of behavioral changes arise in cats after repetitive low-frequency stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus in cats. Behavioral inhibition is more frequently triggered from the dorsomedial zone of the head, whereas activation phenomena precede depression during stimulation of the ventrolateral zone. The assortment and pattern of stereotyped movements following injection of the minimal effective dose of amphetamine vary in different ways against the background of these changes. After stimulation of the dorsomedial zones of the nucleus stereotypy is first disorganized and then weakened, whereas caudate activation is associated with strengthening of stereotypy.Department of Pharmacology, Chita Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 87, No. 6, pp. 518–521, June, 1979.     

Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature

SUMMARY  Modafinil is an alerting substance that is considered safer than amphetamine with fewer side effects. Although modafinil has been used successfully to treat narcolepsy, relatively little is known about its ability to ameliorate fatigue and declines in mental performance due to sleep deprivation (SD) in a normal population. Forty-one military subjects received either 300 mg of modafinil, 20 mg of d-amphetamine, or placebo on 3 separate occasions during 64 hours of continuous cognitive work and sleep loss. Three drug treatments were given: at 23.30 hours and 05.30 hours during the first and second SD nights, respectively, and once at 15.30 hours during the third day of continuous work. Subjective estimates of mood, fatigue and sleepiness, as well as objective measures of reaction time, logical reasoning and short-term memory clearly showed better performance with both modafinil and amphetamine relative to placebo. Both modafinil and amphetamine maintained or increased body temperature compared to the natural circadian cycle observed in the placebo group. Also, from subject debriefs at the end of the study, modafinil elicited fewer side-effects than amphetamine, although more than the placebo group. Modafinil appears to be a good alternative to amphetamine for counteracting the debilitating mood and cognitive effects of sleep loss during sustained operations.     

Response sensitization and depression following long-term amphetamine treatment in a self-stimulation paradigm

The effects of long-term amphetamine treatment were evaluated on responding supported by self-stimulation of the substantia nigra. Rats repeatedly treated with d-amphetamine, and tested with a low dose of the drug that ordinarily has no behavioral effect, showed higher response rates than animals repeatedly treated with saline and tested with the same dose of amphetamine. In contrast, a depression in responding was observed among animals that received long-term amphetamine administration and were tested with saline. The effects of long-term amphetamine treatment on self-stimulation could not be explained by the intrusion of drug-induced competitive behaviors such as locomotor activity and stereotypy. The results were attributed to changes in dopamine neurotransmission following prolonged exposure to amphetamine and were also discussed in terms of an animal model for amphetamine psychosis and postamphetamine depression in man.     

钩藤碱对苯丙胺诱导的大鼠条件性位置偏爱的影响及机制探讨

目的 观察钩藤碱对苯丙胺诱导的大鼠条件性位置偏爱的影响,并探讨其机制。方法 将40只雄性SPF级SD大鼠分为空白对照组（A组）、苯丙胺组（B组）、氯胺酮＋苯丙胺组（C组）、钩藤碱＋苯丙胺组（D组）和钩藤碱＋生理盐水组（E组）,每组各8只。分别给予相应药物。第4天将各组大鼠置于条件性位置偏爱箱中并记录其在白箱中的停留时间,同时用脑电超慢涨落分析仪绘制全脑分维参数地形图并检测大鼠脑中内啡肽的水平。结果 氯胺酮和钩藤碱均能消除苯丙胺诱导的大鼠位置偏爱;钩藤碱本身不能引起位置偏爱。A组大鼠的全脑分维参数地形图呈现“脑功能平衡图”,苯丙胺使其完全偏离平衡状态,经氯胺酮或钩藤碱治疗后可恢复。B组大鼠脑内的内啡肽水平明显下降。C、D、E组与A组大鼠脑内内啡肽水平差异无统计学意义。结论 钩藤碱可能通过提高脑中内啡肽含量治疗苯丙胺诱导的条件性位置偏爱;且钩藤碱本身无精神依赖性。     

Gastrointestinal Decontamination: Maybe We'Re Both Right (Commentary)

Context. Naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone) is a cathinone derivative and recreational drug related to mephedrone. Case. We report a 31-year-old man who ingested a dose of naphyrone (100 mg), which produced acute sympathomimetic toxicity with restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, and hallucinations lasting for 2 days. Naphyrone was detected in the patient's plasma by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry at concentrations of 0.03 and 0.02 mg/L, 40 and 60 h after drug intake, respectively. Discussion. Based on the present case report and user web-reports, as well as on the chemical structure and pharmacological characteristics, naphyrone produces stimulant-like psychotropic effects and sympathomimetic toxicity.