利用纳米颗粒的光核反应实现原位活化治疗的可行性研究

目的:利用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4模拟13.5 MeV和6 MeV X射线照射细胞内的纳米颗粒，分析其光核反应的剂量贡献份额。方法:以纳米金颗粒（GNP）为例，分别模拟6 MeV和13.5 MeV照射细胞内的GNP，给出各自条件下由GNP造成的剂量贡献。创建水模体（0.426 mm×0.426 mm×0.426 mm），包含1 103个细胞，作为GNP的载体。在6 MeV和13.5 MeV下分别模拟细胞中包含和不包含GNP所造成的剂量沉积。结果:13.5 MeV X射线照射，其由GNP造成的剂量贡献为5.12 cGy，细胞总能量沉积为25.37 cGy，由GNP引起的剂量贡献占20.19%；6 MeV X射线照射，其由GNP造成的剂量贡献为2.87 cGy，细胞总能量沉积为23.05 cGy，由GNP造成剂量贡献约为12.46%。与6 MeV相比，13.5 MeV下由GNP光核反应造成的剂量贡献占7.7%。结论:对于细胞模型内纳米金的研究表明，GNP确实能引起额外的剂量贡献。由于GNP光核反应引起的剂量贡献很低，难以作为能够被原位激活的放射源使用。     

含银介孔二氧化硅-壳聚糖复合材料的制备与性能研究

目的探讨含银介孔二氧化硅-壳聚糖复合材料(Ag/MSN-Chi)的制备方法及其微观表征、细胞毒性、吸水性能、抗菌性能及止血性能。 方法以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体，十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为致孔剂，采用离子交换法在介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(MSN)中引入银离子，制备出具有抗菌作用的新型有序的含银介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(Ag/MSN)材料。再利用烷基化壳聚糖负载Ag/MSN，制备出Ag/MSN-Chi。根据所用材料不同将实验分为实验组和空白对照组，实验组又分为3个亚组：MSN组、Ag/MSN组、Ag/MSN-Chi组，空白组为不加任何材料的阳性对照。计算MSN和Ag/MSN的比表面积、孔容、孔径和Ag/MSN与Ag/MSN-Chi的电荷。并通过吸水实验、体外凝血实验、抗菌实验对MSN、Ag/MSN和Ag/MSN-Chi的细胞毒性、吸水性能、止血性能及抗菌性能进行评价，计算细胞相对存活率、吸水率、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血活酶时间(APTT)及抑菌率。取健康成年新西兰大白兔18只，随机分成3组：对照组(采用医用纱布处理)、Ag/MSN组(采用Ag/MSN处理)、Ag/MSN-Chi组(采用Ag/MSN-Chi处理)，每组6只，建立肝创伤出血模型，计算止血时间。数据比较采用方差分析和t检验。 结果MSN的比表面积为(523.8±12.4) m²/g、孔容为(1.2±0.4) m³/g、孔径为(3.5±0.9) nm；Ag/MSN的比表面积为(521.6±11.7) m²/g、孔容为(1.15±0.5) m³/g、孔径为(3.6±0.7) nm，2种材料的比表面积、孔容、孔径比较差异均无统计学意义(t＝0.224、0.135、0.015，P值均大于0.05)。经测量，Ag/MSN的Zeta电位为－19.7 mV，Ag/MSN-Chi的Zeta电位为10.27 mV，表明Ag/MSN表面电荷从负值变为正值。Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组和MSN组与小鼠成肌细胞共培养1、4、7 d的细胞相对存活率比较，差异均无统计学意义(F＝2.61、4.72、3.52, P值均大于0.05)。Ag/MSN组吸水率分别与MSN组和Ag/MSN-Chi组比较，差异均无统计学意义(t＝0.482、1.159，P值均大于0.05)。经检测，Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组、MSN组和空白对照组的PT比较，差异无统计学意义(F＝10.28，P>0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组、MSN组和空白对照组APTT分别为(20.9±2.1)、(28.5±3.4)、(31.4±2.6)、(38.7±2.5) s，4组比较差异有统计学意义(F＝8.70，P<0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组、MSN组APTT分别与空白对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝9.443、4.186、3.506，P值均小于0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组APTT与Ag/MSN组比较，差异有统计学意义(t＝3.294，P<0.05)。MSN组在培养0.5、2、4、6、24 h 5个时间点抑菌率比较差异无统计学意义(F＝5.437，P>0.05)；培养0.5 h，Ag/MSN组和Ag/MSN-Chi组抑菌率分别为(99.7±5.2)%、(97.1±5.4)%，与培养0.5 h MSN组抑菌率(11.2±5.8)%比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝19.678、18.775, P值均小于0.05)；培养24 h，Ag/MSN组和Ag/MSN-Chi组抑菌率分别为(73.2±5.1)%和(72.9±6.9)%，与MSN组(11.8±5.7)%比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝13.904、11.825, P值均小于0.05)。Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组和对照组止血时间分别为(12.3±1.5)、(17.2±3.4)、(28.1±3.8) s，3组比较差异有统计学意义(F＝5.892，P<0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组和Ag/MSN组止血时间分别与对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝9.473、5.236, P值均小于0.05)；且Ag/MSN-Chi组与Ag/MSN组止血时间比较，差异有统计学意义(t＝3.230，P<0.05)。 结论Ag/MSN-Chi在不增加细胞毒性的基础上具有有较好的吸水性能、止血性能及抗菌性能。     

Clonazepam release from core-shell type nanoparticlesin vitro

AB-type amphiphilic copolymers (abbreviated as LE) composed of poly (L-leucine) (PLL) as the A component and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the B component were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of L-leucine N-carboxy-anhydride initiated by methoxy polyoxyethylene amine (Me-PEO-NH₂) and characterized. Core-shell type nanoparticles were prepared by the diafiltration method. Particle size distribution obtained by dynamic light scattering was dependent on PLL composition and the size for LE-1, LE-2 and LE-3 was 369.6±267, 523.4±410 and 561.2±364 nm, respectively. Shapes of the nanoparticles observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) were almostly spherical. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the nanoparticles determined by a fluorescence probe technique was dependent on the composition of hydrophobic PLL, and the CMC for LE-1, LE-2 and LE-3 was 2. 0×10⁻⁶, 1.7×10⁻⁶ and 1.5×10⁻⁶ (mol/l), respectively. Clonazepam release from core-shell type nanoparticles in vitro was dependent on PLL composition and drug loading content.     

Mucoadhesion of Latexes. I. Analytical Methods and Kinetic Studies

A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection technique for direct quantification of adsorbed poly(styrene) latexes on rat intestinal mucosa was developed for deposited latex amounts up to 1.5 g/m². The method agreed well with another dosage assay of adsorbed particles by turbidimetry after denaturation of the mucus. Adsorption kinetics were made under static conditions at latex concentrations of 4 g/L in physiological saline. Ninety percent of equilibrium was reached after 10 min for a particle size of 230 nm, 20 min for a size of 320 nm, and 30 min for a size of 670 nm. The plateaus were between 0.6 and 0.9 g/m² (adsorbed mass per apparent surface of mucosa). The first phase of the kinetics was theoretically approached by a diffusion model in the suspension medium. Mucosa from rat jejunum and ileum could be considered as a homogeneous biological model for latex adsorption.     

125I-白蛋白-黄芪多糖毫微粒在小鼠体内分布的研究

用乳液固化方法制备了１２５Ｉ－牛血清白蛋白－黄芪多糖毫微粒,透射电子显微镜测得粒径为（１６８±６２）ｎｍ,小鼠口服毫微粒（１４８×１０８Ｂｑ／只）后,主要分布在肝、脾、肺中,而心、脑组织中有少量分布。微观放射自显影实验结果表明,毫微粒分布在肝脏的Ｋｕｆｅｒｓ细胞和肝实质细胞中,以及在肺和脾脏的吞噬细胞中。实验数据用３Ｐ８７程序处理,按血管外给药开放二室模型计算得代谢动力参数,Ｔｍａｘ为２．１１ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ为２．４３×１０７Ｂｑ,ｔ１／２为９．３３ｈ,曲线下面积为３．７×１０９Ｂｑ。     

聚α-氰基丙烯酸丁酯载药纳米微粒的研究进展

目的：对作为药物载体的聚α-氰基丙烯酸丁酯的研究进展进行综述，就其制备工艺、体外释药和体内分布、毒理学和稳定性等作一介绍。方法：查阅聚α-氰基丙烯酸丁酯作为载药毫微粒的国内外文献。结果：聚α-氰基丙烯酸丁酯作为药物载体具有生物利用度高、释药速率可控、靶向性，能够改变药物体内分布等优点。结论：聚α-氰基丙烯酸丁酯作为药物载体具有广阔的应用前景。     

表面活性剂对高水溶性药物阿魏酸钠白蛋白纳米粒的载药特性影响

目的:制备高水溶性药物白蛋白纳米粒,考察表面活性剂对高水溶性药物的包封作用。方法:以牛血清白蛋白为载体材料,阿魏酸钠为高水溶性药物模型,采用去溶剂化法制备阿魏酸钠白蛋白纳米粒。用低温超速离心法、层析-离心法、层析-酶解法对纳米粒包封率和载药量进行测定评价,并考察表面活性剂对纳米粒包封率、载药量及得率的影响。结果和结论:层析-离心法测定结果可靠。亲水性表面活性剂0.3%洛泊沙姆和亲脂性表面活性剂0·48%卵磷脂联合使用,有利于高水溶性药物的包封,包封率为28.42%,载药量为10.5%。     

米非司酮固体脂质纳米粒的性状研究

制备并考察了米非司酮固体脂质纳米粒(SLN).结果表明,所得制品呈圆球状,粒径较均匀;x射线衍射分析表明SLN中米非司酮主要以无定形结构为主;差示扫描量热法结果表明,在较高药脂比时,SLN分散系中的药物仍以高分散状态存在.     

Comparative toxicity of silicon dioxide,silver and iron oxide nanoparticles after repeated oral administration to rats

Although silicon dioxide (SiO₂), silver (Ag) and iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles are widely used in diverse applications from food to biomedicine, in vivo toxicities of these nanoparticles exposed via the oral route remain highly controversial. To examine the systemic toxicity of these nanoparticles, well‐dispersed nanoparticles were orally administered to Sprague–Dawley rats daily over a 13‐week period. Based on the results of an acute toxicity and a 14‐day repeated toxicity study, 975.9, 1030.5 and 1000 mg kg^–1 were selected as the highest dose of the SiO₂, Ag and Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, respectively, for the 13‐week repeated oral toxicity study. The SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles did not induce dose‐related changes in a number of parameters associated with the systemic toxicity up to 975.9 and 1000 mg kg^–1, respectively, whereas the Ag nanoparticles resulted in increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium as well as lymphocyte infiltration in liver and kidney, raising the possibility of liver and kidney toxicity induced by the Ag nanoparticles. Compared with the SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles showing no systemic distribution in all tissues tested, the Ag concentration in sampled blood and organs in the Ag nanoparticle‐treated group significantly increased with a positive and/or dose‐related trend, meaning that the systemic toxicity of the Ag nanoparticles, including liver and kidney toxicity, might be explained by extensive systemic distribution of Ag originating from the Ag nanoparticles. Our current results suggest that further study is required to identify that Ag detected outside the gastrointestinal tract were indeed a nanoparticle form or ionized form. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.