微创治疗方法在输尿管上段结石中应用进展

输尿管上段结石为临床中常见泌尿系结石类型之一,如不能及时诊治,可引起重度积水、泌尿系感染,甚至脓毒血症,对患者肾功能、健康造成严重影响。随着微创治疗技术在泌尿系结石中应用,微创治疗方法能降低对患者造成治疗性创伤,降低相关并发症发生率,促进患者康复,了解临床中微创治疗输尿管上段结石方法,对临床中合理治疗输尿管上段结石有重要价值。     

基于数据挖掘方法总结王树声教授治疗上尿路结石的用药经验

目的:运用中医传承辅助平台系统(V2.5)深入分析王树声教授治疗上尿路结石的用药经验，挖掘其核心经验 方组成和辨证用药规律。方法:收集王教授门诊治疗上尿路结石的治疗验方304 首，将方药信息录入系统，采用药物频次统计、 关联规则分析和熵聚类分析等方法分析处方用药规律。结果:304 首处方中涉及中药97 味，用药频次超过100 次的有14 味。所用药物药性多寒、温、平，药味多甘、苦，主归肝、肾、脾经；共得出25 组核心组合和9 首新处方。结论:王教授治疗 上尿路结石以益气固本、清热通淋为主，用药的关键在于“扶正固本”的把握和“祛邪通淋”的权衡，为临证用药和新方 开发提供参考。     

十二指肠镜治疗胆总管结石35例临床分析

目的探讨经十二指肠镜治疗胆总管结石的临床效果和价值。方法经十二指肠镜治疗胆总管结石共35例,其中行EST及取石术32例,行EPBD及取石术3例。EST胆总管取石时根据结石大小决定切开大小,不宜EST或结石较小者可选择EPBD后取石。结果35例均成功取出胆总管结石,取得较好的疗效。EST术中局部渗血4例,当时予电凝或喷洒止血药物即迅速止血,术后急性胰腺炎1例,经适当处理后1周痊愈,EPBD及取石术后未发现明显并发症。结论十二指肠镜治疗胆总管结石是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Distribution of organic matrix in calcium oxalate renal calculi

Summary The quantity of protein and carbohydrate comprising the matrix of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) renal stones was found to decrease with distance from the surface of the stone. The average organic concentration of stones 3 to 30 mm in diameter ranged from 5.7% at the surface to 2.7% at the core. This concentration gradient suggests matrix involvement in a “growth front” on stone surfaces with migration of organic material from the “older” interior. The matrix distribution was not readily correlated with density variations or with the presence of hydroxyapatite or calcium oxalate dihydrate. Surface matrix concentrations were greater than amounts predicted by physical adsorption. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of the organic-rich surface layer and also suggested that increase in stone size occurs predominantly by crystal growth with microcrystal aggregates as growth centers.     

围手术期护理对腔镜下激光碎石术患者的作用

目的 探讨围手术期护理对腔镜下激光碎石术患者的作用.方法 回顾性分析110例因输尿管结石需行腔镜下激光碎石术患者的围手术期护理过程.围手术期护理过程包括术前心理疏导,术后针对留置导尿管、双J管及手术并发症的护理以及出院指导.总结围手术期护理的效果.结果 110例患者中2例因结石上移入肾盂而改行体外震波碎石治疗,1例因输尿管扭曲伴息肉致腔镜不能向上插入而改开放手术,1例因结石坚硬未能全部击碎,3周后行二次激光碎石成功,其余106例患者均顺利康复.110例术后均出现轻重不等的肉眼血尿,大多于术后1～4 d血尿消失.所有患者均未发生输尿管穿孔、撕脱、脓肾等并发症.结论 正确的围手术期护理是患者顺利康复的重要因素之一,在临床护理工作中应给予足够的重视.     

苄丙酮香豆素对实验性大鼠肾草酸钙结石形成的影响

目的：探讨Vit．K拮抗剂苄丙酮香豆素(商品名华法令)对大鼠肾草酸钙结石形成的影响。方法：采用乙二醇饮水和氯化铵灌胃作成石剂，30只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、成石组(B组)、华法令组(C组)。饲养4周后，检测大鼠肾组织钙含量和草酸钙晶体形成、24h尿钙、尿草酸含量及血生化指标。结果：成石组和华法令组肾组织中钙、镁含量，24h尿草酸及尿钙、镁排泄量差异无显著性意义；镜下观察发现：华法令组大鼠肾脏草酸钙结晶形成多于成石组，但组间比较差异无显著性意义。结论：苄丙酮香豆素对大鼠肾草酸钙结石的形成无显著影响。     

输尿管上段结石的微创手术治疗

目的：探讨输尿管上段结石的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石(URSL），后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石(RLU)、经皮肾穿刺取石(PCNL)治疗输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中URSL组25例，RLU组20例。PCNL组9例。结果：URSL组碎石成功18例；7例不成功，其中3例改为开放手术，1例改为后腹腔镜取石。2例行ESWL术，1例仅留置双J管。术后1个月拔管后自行排出。2例并发输尿管穿孔。RLU组取石成功18例，2例滑入肾内，经配合输尿管镜和腹腔镜直视下经皮肾穿刺取石成功，术后15例有伤口漏尿。PCNL组成功9例，无并发症。结论：USRL创伤小。术后恢复快。是治疗输尿管上段结石的较为满意的治疗方法。PCNL创伤小，取石成功率高，在结石靠近肾盂、儿童输尿管上段结石并同侧肾结石和结石以下输尿管狭窄时应优先考虑。但技术难度较大。RLU可作为URSL不成功后的辅助治疗方法。     

Three-dimensional assessment of urinary stone on non-contrast helical computed tomography as the predictor of stonestreet formation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for stones smaller than 20 mm

The incidence of stonestreet formation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) rises with increasing stone burden. However, stonestreet after ESWL is often experienced even in stones smaller than 20 mm. To examine whether the non-contrast helical computed tomography (CT) data could predict stonestreet formation in these stones, 53 radiopaque stones of 5-20 mm treated with ESWL were evaluated. Maximal dimension was measured on plain radiograph. From an attenuation value histogram graphed from the CT data, total stone volume and mean attenuation value were calculated. Seven stonestreets longer than 25 mm developed. There was no significant difference in maximal dimension and total stone volume between stones that did and stones that did not develop stonestreet. Mean attenuation value was the sole significant predictive factor. Application of mean attenuation value with cut-off level of 650 HU would anticipate stonestreet formation with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 71.7%. The estimated risk of stonestreet formation is high in the treatment of stones with higher mean attenuation value.     

钬激光输尿管镜下碎石与经皮肾取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的比较

目的比较钬激光输尿管硬镜碎石与经皮肾取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法106例单侧伴有肾积水的嵌顿性输尿管上段结石,48例采用URL治疗（URL组）,58例采用PCNL治疗（PCNL组）,统计分析2组的结石清除率及手术并发症。结果术后1 d结石清除率URL组25.0%（12/48）显著低于PCNL组98.3%（57/58）（χ^2=62.065,P=0.000）;术后3个月结石清除率URL组77.1%（37/48）显著低于PCNL组100%（58/58）（χ^2=14.831,P=0.000）;术后高热（T〉38.5℃）率URL组8.3%（4/48）与PCNL组6.9%（4/58）无统计学差异（χ^2=0.000,P=1.000）。结论对于嵌顿性输尿管上段结石,在有条件且技术成熟的医院PCNL可作为治疗的首选方法。     

单用体外震波碎石治疗尿路结石的体会

本文报道1988年6月～11月,单独应用上海交通大学电力工程系研制的JT—ESWL—Ⅱ型体外震波碎石机,治疗尿路结石506例,其中肾结石304例(双侧12例)输尿管结石199例(双侧5例),膀胱结石3例。冲击能量15～40焦耳,每次治疗冲击波次数为400～2800次。本组无开放手术、无肾脏丧失、无死亡。效果满意者96.44％。其并发症主要有血尿、结石串。作者认为单用ESWL治疗小于3Cm的尿路结石安全可靠、无严重并发症。文中对单用体外震波碎石(ESWL)治疗尿路结石病例选择,如何减少并发症,提高治疗效果进行了讨论。