败血症98例临床分析

目的：探讨近年来败血症病原菌变迁和对常用抗菌药物的敏感状况以及影响败血症预后的因素。方法：回顾性分析1998～2004年的98例经血培养和临床资料证实的败血症。结果：98例败血症患者血培养共分离出致病菌102株，属社区获得性败血症81例（82．7％），医院获得性17例（17．3％）。革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌和真菌感染分别占34．3％、60．8％、4．9％。社区获得性败血症以大肠埃希菌为主，其次是金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。医院获得性败血症以大肠埃希菌、真菌和不动杆菌为主。23抹金葡菌中苯唑西林耐药率39．1％，未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株；31株大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、阿米卡星和左氧氟沙星耐药率分别占90．3％、61．3％和45．2％，但对头孢三代、四代及酶抑制剂耐药率较低（12．9％～19．1％），未发现对亚胺培南-西司他丁耐药菌株。院内感染、血小板下降、血糖升高及休克增加了败血症患者病死率。结论：院内感染败血症病原菌中真菌和不动杆菌呈上升趋势，大肠埃希菌和金葡菌感染首选亚胺培南-西司他丁和万古霉素，大肠埃希菌院外败血症可首选头孢三代或亚胺培南-西司他丁。     

Study of the protective effects of hyperimmune immunoglobulins G and M against endotoxin in mice and rats

We prepared solutions of human IgM and IgG to various lipopolysaccharide (LPS) species. These were then tested, along with solutions of non-LPS specific human IgG or IgM, for their ability to confer passive immunity against experimental endotoxemia in two animal models. The immunoglobulins were first tested for an effect on the lethality induced by seven different LPSs in actinomycin-D sensitized mice, or by three different bacteria in normal mice. When the immunoglobulins were administered 1 h before challenge, a small protective effect was observed. This protection was dependent upon both the anti-LPS agent, the chemical composition of the LPS, or the strain of Gram-negative bacteria used for injection. The anti-LPS IgM and IgG preparations reduced the mortality induced by Escherichia coli but not by Serratia marcescens or Klebsiella pneumoniae, indicating protection by strain-specific antibodies. When the antibodies were preincubated with LPS or bacteria for 30 min before administration, almost complete protection was seen. The influence of these immunoglobulin preparations or of human albumin (as a control) on the hypotensive and vascular-permeabilizing effects of LPS in rats was then studied. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect was observed with IgG preparations and albumin. At 200 mg/kg, anti-LPS IgG reduced the effects of LPS, while at 400 mg/kg, both anti-LPS and normal IgG preparations showed protection, as did human albumin used at the same dose. The IgM-enriched preparation worsened the initial hypotensive phase after LPS, whereas the anti-LPS IgM significantly reduced the second phase of the hypotension, but only at the largest dose of 400 mg/kg. In this second model using the rat, a clear difference between the activity of IgG and IgM was thus observed. We conclude that pretreatment with human immunoglobulins from large plasma pools modestly, but significantly, attenuated the effects of murine and rat Gram-negative sepsis, but that protection was incomplete. Our results suggest that single regimen intervention strategies may not be sufficient to influence the course of the disease. Received: 12 December 1998     

新生儿败血症血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子1水平的变化

目的：探讨血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子1（sICAM-1）在新生儿几血症早期诊断中的价值。方法：采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验,观察3组新生儿血清sICAM-1水平。脐血组：34例正常新生儿脐血。对照组：25例非感染性疾病新生儿。败血症组：33例治疗前（入院第1d）及有效治疗后7－18d（出院当天）的败血症新生儿。结果：血清sICAM-1水平3组间有显著差异（P＜0.01）。败血症组治疗前明显增高,治疗后略有下降,但治疗前后比较差异无意义（P＞0.05）;血培养阳性与阳性之间比较,不同程度败血症治疗前与治疗后比较,差异均无意义（P均＞0.05）。结论：血清sICAM-1测定可作为新生儿败血症早期诊断指标,但不能评判疗效。     

九种抗菌药物在小儿败血症中应用情况的分析

目的了解本地区近5年小儿血液系统感染的常见病原菌及抗菌药物的敏感性情况,以便指导临床医师合理使用抗生素。方法将小儿血液系统分离出的836株病原菌应用K-B法做了9种抗菌药物敏感性测定,并对不同年度的革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的敏感率进行了分析。结果革兰氏阳性球菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、微球菌、表皮葡萄球菌)对丁胺卡那霉素和先锋5号的敏感率为76.8%和74.7%。革兰氏阴性杆菌(大肠埃希氏菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、非发酵菌)对丁胺卡那霉素和先锋5号的敏感率为82.4%和74.3%。铜绿假单胞菌对氧哌嗪青霉素的敏感率为89.0%,伤寒沙门氏菌对氯霉素、卡那霉素和氟哌酸的敏感率也很高,分别为88.4%,93.3%和83.1%。革兰氏阳性球菌对青霉素、红霉素、氨苄青霉素的耐药率很高分别为83.6%,82.7%,76.5%。大肠埃希氏菌对链霉素、氨苄青霉素、氯霉素和羧苄青霉素的耐药率也很高,分别为82.4%,99.4%,95.0%和80.0%。结论加强对儿科医师合理使用抗生素知识的培训、指导和评价是必要的。     

败血症患儿血清瘦素水平及其与炎性因子的相关性分析

目的　瘦素在抗感染免疫中可能发挥着重要作用 ,该文探讨小儿败血症时血清瘦素水平的变化及其与炎性因子血清C反应蛋白 (CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)、白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )的相关性。方法　检测 17例败血症患儿入院后 2 4h内空腹血清瘦素、CRP、TNF α、IL 6的水平 ,并与 15例健康儿童空腹血清瘦素水平比较 ,同时分析患儿血清瘦素水平与CRP、TNF α、IL 6水平的相关性。结果　①在败血症急性期 ,患儿的血清瘦素水平高于正常对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;②在败血症患儿中血清瘦素水平与CRP水平显著相关 (r =0 .6 4 7,P <0 .0 1)、与TNF α之间也存在着显著的相关性 (r =0 .5 96 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,而在瘦素与IL 6之间无相关性 (r =0 .2 5 0 ,P >0 .0 5 )。结论　瘦素作为一种细菌感染的急相反应物可能参与了败血症患儿的抗感染反应。     

NICU新生儿败血症首选抗生素现状和预后调查分析

调查分析我院新生儿NICU新生儿败血症患儿首选抗生素的现状及其对预后的影响。方法:对73例新生儿败血症患儿首选抗生素情况及其临床疗效和预后进行回顾性调查分析。调查内容:首选抗生素及其5日内换药率和有效率。查阅文献,结合药理学知识,对所用抗生素进行药效学分析。结果:我院NICU 6种首选抗生素及其5日内换药率、有效率分别如下:头孢三嗪/舒巴坦5日内换药率为74%、有效率为68%,头孢三嗪为50%和50%、头孢噻肟为69%和69%、头孢他啶为60%和60%、头孢地嗪为11%和100%、哌拉西林/他巴唑为50%和25%。结论:新生儿败血症的预后和首选抗生素的更换率成反比,和其药效成正比。6种抗生素中头孢地嗪的疗效最好,因其有独特的广谱强力抗菌活性和免疫增强活性,且副作用少,可作为新生儿败血症的首选抗生素。头孢地嗪对新生儿细菌感染的抗感染和免疫调节作用需进一步研究。     

降钙素原在诊断新生儿感染中的应用价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原（procalationin，PCT）在新生儿感染性疾病中的诊断价值。方法我院新生儿病区的118例患儿分重症感染组51例、局部感染组37例和非感染组30例三组进行降钙素原的测定，并与C反应蛋白（c—reactive protein,CRP）进行比较。结果重症感染组PCT阳性率（86．27％）与局部感染组和非感染组的PCT阳性率（37．84％和16．67％）比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01），重症感染组CRP的阳性率与另两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈．01）。以PCT2ng／ml为临界值，诊断重症感染的特异性达97．01％，与CRP相比，PCT诊断重症感染的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值更高，诊断准确性高。结论细菌感染时血清PCT早期即升高，可作为新生儿感染的早期检测指标，其诊断价值优于CRP，它与感染严重程度有较好的相关性，可用于评价疗效和估计预后。     

63例医院感染败血症的临床特征分析

目的探索医院感染败血症的特点和预防措施. 方法对我院1998～2003年63例住院患者,医院感染败血症的临床资料进行回顾性分析. 结果医院感染败血症发生率为0.06%,病死率达33.33%,发病与基础疾病、侵入性操作和联用多种抗生素等有明显的关系,感染细菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主. 结论提高机体免疫力、减少侵入性操作和合理使用抗生素是预防住院患者医院感染败血症的主要措施.     

A serial echocardiographic study of myocardial abscess in a patient surviving staphylococcal septicemia

2D echocardiography was performed on a 4-year-old child suffering from right thigh abscess due to MRSA infection following diagnosis of pericardial effusion by USG abdomen. It revealed myocardial abscess and pericardial effusion. This child underwent series of 2D echocardiographic studies which showed image appearance of myocardial abscess with its time course of healing.