Semmelweis’ present day follow-up: Updating bacterial sampling and enrichment in clinical hygiene

Potentially dangerous antibiotic resistant contaminants have permanently penetrated at least well-off western populations. The danger is so evident that some hospitals have started to refuse accepting patients who carry such bacteria. Sampling and enrichment measures in hygiene monitoring must be updated as they are corner stones in handling the problems and safeguarding the health care units. Their patients, when exposed to microorganisms are strenuous to treat. Sometimes even this fails, if the infections are spreading in weakened patients. The present review summarizes currently used technologies and the abilities of bacteria to avoid detection. Improved protocols on environmental monitoring in healthcare units are required. They should be comparable with contamination control in industries. Actually these measures in health care should be even stricter because human lives are directly endangered as the resistance of especially elderly patients is low.     

应用Meta分析有效估计人群归因危险度百分比的探讨

人群归因危险度百分比 (populationattributableriskproportion ,PARP)是总体人群中某种疾病归因于某种因素的暴露所引起的发病 (死亡 )占全部发病 (死亡 )的百分比 ,反映该因素所引起的发病 (死亡 )占全部发病 (死亡 )的比重。通过PARP可了解各危险因素对人群中某疾病的发病所产生的影响 ,亦即消除某危险因素后 ,所产生的对预防该疾病的效果将占有多大比重。它能够为卫生政策的制订提供依据 ,有着重要的公共卫生的实际意义。目前常用的估计PARP的方法有两种 :一种是利用全国人群抽样调查获得的人群总暴露率来估计 ;另一种是利用某地区…     

关于在BOD_5测定中取样量的探讨

天子岭垃圾填埋场利用活性污泥法处理生活垃圾渗滤水,BOD_5测定的取样量公式为:V_i=k_1·V_(?)/COD_(cr),通过确定k_i值以确定取样体积.并分析了影响取样量的几种因素.     

Development of sample handling procedures for foods under USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program

The National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) was implemented in 1997 to update and improve the quality of food composition data maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). NFNAP was designed to sample and analyze frequently consumed foods in the U.S. food supply using statistically rigorous sampling plans, established sample handling procedures, and qualified analytical laboratories. Methods for careful handling of food samples from acquisition to analysis were developed to ensure the integrity of the samples and subsequent generation of accurate nutrient values. The infrastructure of NFNAP, under which over 1500 foods have been sampled, mandates tested sample handling protocols for a wide variety of foods. The majority of these foods were categorized into several major areas: (1) frozen foods; (2) fresh produce and/or highly perishable foods requiring refrigeration; (3) fast foods and prepared foods; (4) shelf-stable foods; (5) specialized study and non-retail (point of production) foods; and (6) foods from remote areas (e.g. American Indian reservations). This paper describes the sample handling approaches, from the collection and receipt of the food items to the preparation of the analytical samples, with emphasis on the strategies developed for those foods. It provides a foundation for developing sample handling protocols of foods to be analyzed under NFNAP and for other researchers working on similar projects.     

片剂含量均匀度计量检验新方案的研究

本文通过大量测试工作,查明10批国产小剂量片剂的含量分布,在此基础上提出了计量检验新方案。采用计算机模拟随机抽样的方法,通过计算绘制了USP XX,BP,JP和新方案在正态分布和10批实际分布下的OC曲线。结果表明,当用于测定生产规模的片剂批时,与国外片剂含量均匀度计数检验方案中统计特性最优的USP XX方案相比,新方案NEW能在化验工作量相近的前提下,作出更准确的判断;新方案SMA能在不降低判断准确性的前提下,减少化验工作虽约三分之一。新方案还可减免分析方法误差对判定结果的影响。     

保持形状特征的自适应轮廓点采样算法

在三角形贴面表面重建中，选择轮廓线上哪些点作为重建点，一方面决定重建的质量，另一方面决定重建的速度。本文提出了一种保持形状特征的变分辨率轮廓点采样算法。首先，建立了本算法的数学模型，我们认为离弧对应的弦距离最大的点可作为一个形状特征点。其次，利用二叉树数据结构递归实现了该算法。本算法具有保持轮廓形状特征、根据形状复杂度自适应决定采样频率、编程简单等优点。     

Interpretation of gas-blood ratio inP O 2polarography

Summary The differences inP _{O 2}readings between gas and blood were studied with a Clark-type electrode in the range of 38.5 to 713 mm HgP _{O 2}.The tonometered blood samples were taken in two different ways. The results showed that the gas-blood ratior _b(equilibrating gasP _{O 2}reading/equilibrated bloodP _{O 2}reading) depended not only on the sampling method but also on theP _{O 2}range: it varied from 1.005 to 1.032 for aP _{O 2}of 96.5 mm Hg, and from 1.040 to 1.081 for aP _{O 2}of 713 mm Hg according to the sampling procedure.A theoretical analysis demonstrated that the variation ofr _bwith the bloodP _{O 2}can be attributed to the influence of the degree of oxygen saturation of the hemoglobin on theP _{O 2}gradient existing in the blood diffusion boundary layer adhering to the electrode membrane.This work was supported by grants from the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community and from the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique Médicale, Belgium.     

有限总体抽样及LQAS抽样方法在乡(镇)“四苗”覆盖率评价中的应用

本文应用有限总体抽样和批质量保证抽样方法对浙江省兰溪市三个乡（镇）的儿童计划免疫“四苗”覆盖率进行了现场调查,结果显示样本率与总体率以及两种抽样方法的样本率之间均无显著性差异,上述结果表明,有限总体抽样和批量量保证抽样方法均能反映总“四苗”覆盖率水平,且经济,简便。     

2003年四川省饮用水及集中式供水抽检结果分析

为了解我省饮用水健康相关产品、集中式供水卫生许可批件的持证情况和卫生质量状况 ,2 0 0 3年 5～ 9月 ,我省组织开展了卫生监督抽检工作。结果表明 :家用水处理器持证率 2 5 %;集团用水处理器持证率4 2 .86 %;管材持证率 96 .3 6 %;水处理剂持证率 84 %和集中式供水单位持证率 1 0 0 %;水处理剂合格率 1 0 0 %;二次供水合格率 96 %;市政集中式供水出厂水合格率 1 0 0 %;末梢水合格率 98.77%;自建集中式供水出厂水合格率 4 5 %;末梢水合格率 4 6 .4 3 %。     

2092份药品抽验报告分析

本文回顾性调查了2092份药品抽验报告,对不合格中药材(饮片)、中成药及化学药品的质量项目、品种及源头产地情况进行了分析讨论,并针对存在的问题提出了对策和建议.