The role of National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAG) in strengthening health system governance: Lessons from three middle-income countries—Argentina,Jordan, and South Africa (2017–2018)

IntroductionToward the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 goal, almost 90% of countries have established a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG). However, little is known about NITAG's contributions to governance.MethodsIn 2017–2018, a two-step, qualitative retrospective study was conducted. Jordan (JO), Argentina (AR), and South Africa (SA) were selected owing to government-financed NITAGs from middle-income countries (MICs), geographic diversity, and a vaccine introduction with NITAG support. Country case studies were developed, collecting data through desk review and face-to-face key informant interviews (KIIs) from Ministry of Health (MoH) and NITAG. Case studies were analyzed together, to assess governance applying the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework focusing on transparency, accountability, participation, integrity, and policy capacity (TAPIC).ResultsDocument review and 53 KII (22 AR, 20 SA, 11 JO) showed NITAGs played a pivotal role as advisors promoting a culture of evidence-informed policies. NITAGs strengthened governance, although practices varied among countries. Meetings were conducted behind-closed-doors, participation restricted to members, only in one country agendas, and recommendations were public (AR). To increase participation, policy capacity, and transparency, countries considered adding experts in communications, advocacy, and economics. AR and SA contemplated including community members. NITAGs functioned autonomously from the government, with no established internal or external monitoring or supervision. NITAG meeting minutes allowed the review of integrity, adherence to terms of reference, standard operating procedures, and conflict of interest (CoI). For the most part, NITAGs abided by their mandates. Significant issues were related to the level of MoH support and oversight of CoI declaration and documentation.ConclusionsSystematically implementing governance approaches could improve processes, better tailor policies, and implementation. The long-term survival and resilience of NITAGs in these countries showed they play a significant role in strengthening governance. Lessons learned could be useful to those promoting country-driven evidence-informed decision-making.     

Clinical characteristics of renal transplant recipients that underwent urologic surgery for de novo disease before and after transplantation

The pre-transplantation goal of the urologist is the optimization of urinary tract condition. Therefore, urologic surgery may be needed before or after renal transplantation. We analyzed the results of urologic surgery performed because of de novo urologic diseases. Between January 1986 and January 2001, 281 patients underwent renal transplantation, and 23 urologic surgical procedures were performed on 21 transplant recipients before or after renal transplantation because of de novo urologic diseases. By review the major reasons for urologic surgery in recipients were polycystic kidney diseases, vesicoureteral reflux, and dysfunctional voiding disorders. Nineteen surgical corrective procedures were done average 2.9 months before transplantation. The mortality rate was 10.5%. Four patients underwent urologic surgery at an average 57.5 months after transplantation. We highlight the fact that patients with uremia are vulnerable to surgical complications, and conclude that more intensive longterm urologic follow-ups should be conducted on recipients.     

模拟器训练在实施股动脉穿刺点ExoSealTM封堵止血系统操作的多中心对照研究

背景与目的：介入手术已成为血管外科的主要治疗手段,对于手术直接相关的股动脉穿刺点封堵处理是手术操作收尾的一个重要环节。鉴于国内外目前尚缺乏关于封堵止血系统模拟器训练应用效果的高级别证据,本研究旨在评估模拟器训练在实施股动脉穿刺点ExoSealTM封堵止血系统操作的临床应用效果以及在血管介入操作基础教学培训中的应用价值。 方法：采用前瞻性对照设计,选择2020年5月—2020年10月7个中心的8名血管介入医师分别用两种不同方式进行封堵操作培训。4名血管介入医师通过阅读ExoSealTM说明书和观看视频进行培训（对照组）,另4名血管介入医师的培训方式为在前者基础上增加专业人员指导下的模拟器使用（研究组）。培训结束后,在主诊医师监管下,每名医师对接受血管介入手术,并在股总动脉使用6 F鞘管的患者,采用ExoSealTM封堵止血系统对穿刺点进行封堵。两组医师各操作50例患者,比较两组的操作时间、出血量、器械成功率、股动脉栓塞发生率、二次干预率、24 h内发生血肿率。 结果：研究组在ExoSealTM封堵止血系统操作中,所需的操作时间和出血量均少于对照组（24.50 s vs. 30.00 s,P=0.003;8.60 mL vs. 11.22 mL,P=0.019）。研究组的器械成功率（98.0%）高于对照组（96.0%）,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.558）。两组均无动脉栓塞、二次干预和24 h内发生血肿情况。 结论：ExoSealTM封堵止血系统模拟器的训练能够提高股动脉封堵的安全性和有效性。该模拟器的训练应常规用于血管介入操作的基础教学培训中。     

枕下-颞下联合入路颞骨良性肿瘤切除术-附3例报告

目的:介绍枕下-颞下联合入路切除颞骨良性肿瘤的方法及体会。方法:对3例颞枕骨化纤维瘤、颞骨纤维异常增殖症、颞骨血管瘤的巨大颞骨良性肿瘤,均采用枕下-颞下联合入路(倒钩形切口)。辅以显微外科技术进行手术摘除肿瘤。结果:3例均基本完整切除肿瘤,无颅内外感染、脑脊液漏、迷路及颅神经损伤等并发症,经术后随访1.5年～2年未发现肿瘤复发。结论:采用枕下-颞下联合入路切除颞枕骨良性肿瘤可获理想的暴露,最大范围切除肿瘤,可避免损伤毗邻的颅神经、血管以及内耳结构,值得推广。     

Towards a pain-free venepuncture

A randomised, prospective trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of various means of alleviating the pain of subcutaneous lidocaine infiltration. One hundred and twenty-two patients were randomly allocated to different groups to receive buffered lidocaine 1%, warmed lidocaine 1% or infiltration by the counter-irritation technique. A visual analogue pain score was recorded at different stages of cannulation and results showed that pain scores were significantly lower in the group receiving buffered lidocaine 1% (p < 0.02) and in the counter-irritation group (p < 0.05). Thus buffering lidocaine 1% and administration of lidocaine 1% by the counter-irritation technique is effective in relieving the pain of lidocaine infiltration.     

手术治疗老年残胃癌临床分析

目的 分析和总结老年残胃癌的外科治疗方式及预后。方法 回顾性分析本院1993-01～2003-06普外科收治的25例老年残胃癌患者的临床资料。结果 本组病例中，Ⅰ期3例，Ⅱ期5例，Ⅲ期8例，Ⅳ期7例；根治性手术12例(48．0％)，姑息性手术9例(36．0％)，剖腹探查术2例，全部手术切除病例均在术中行空肠营养造口，2例因术前发现肿瘤已广泛转移而未作手术。根治性切除后1、3、5年生存率分别为81.2％、41．5％、28．6％。结论 纤维胃镜加胃黏膜活检是确诊老年残胃癌的主要手段，应特别重视老年残胃癌的围手术期处理，根治性切除术是治疗老年残胃癌的合理选择，也是改善预后的重要因素。     

经腹腔镜先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄手术

目的 探讨小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄腹腔镜微创手术操作要点及经验教训。方法 回顾性分析本组20例患儿全麻下经腹腔镜行幽门环肌切开术。结果 18例一次手术成功，1例术中中转开腹，1例3d后二次手术。全部病例随访2月，预后较好。结论 腹腔镜手术治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄是腔镜技术在新生儿外科领域的成功运用，掌握操作要点，可推广使用。     

临床试验机构研究者标准操作规程

依据SFDA《药品临床试验管理规范》．ICH GCP，WHO GCP，以及我院临床试验的实践，制订临床试验机构研究者的标准操作规程，包括研究者资格与条件，试验前的准备，受试者的招募和筛选，受试者的知情同意，方案的依从性，受试者的医疗．随机化程序和破盲，安全性报告，源文件和源数据．病例报告表，试验用药的管理，试验的终止或暂停，进展报告和总结报告，档案等。     

儿童腹部实体肿瘤术后乳糜腹的处理

目的儿童腹部实体肿瘤手术后并发症的临床处理报告甚少，其发生率报告不一。本研究总结作者单位儿童腹部实体肿瘤手术后乳糜腹的发生情况以及处理经验。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院小儿外科2003年6月至2010年6月收治的249例儿童腹部实体肿瘤患儿临床资料，其中11例发生乳糜腹（4．4％），男性5例，女性6例，年龄中位数为15个月（1个月至12岁）。结果本组术后乳糜腹的发生率为4．4％。11例术后合并乳糜腹患儿根据腹水实验室分析进行诊断，最早出现于术后半天，最大体积为1250mL／d，均予临床观察和保守治疗，分别于术后9—72d治愈，其中10例通过禁食、全肠道外营养（TPN）、腹腔引流或使用生长抑素治愈，1例经保守治疗未愈，在腹腔镜下结扎破裂的淋巴管获痊愈。结论儿童实体肿瘤术后乳糜腹的原因与医源性手术创伤有关，大部分可通过禁食、TPN、腹腔引流治愈。     

程序化健康教育对婴幼儿腹泻的作用

目的探讨程序化健康教育对婴幼儿腹泻的作用。方法将84例婴幼儿腹泻患儿随机分为试验组43例和对照组41例,对照组采用传统健康教育方法教育,试验组按整体护理程序对患儿及家属实施程序化健康教育。观察2组患儿家属对婴幼儿腹泻病相关知识和技能的知晓程度;2组患儿的住院时间、红臀发生情况。结果试验组患儿家属对婴幼儿腹泻病相关知识和技能的知晓程度明显优于对照组(P<0.05),且试验组患儿的平均住院时间、红臀的发生均少于对照组。结论采用程序化健康教育能明显提高患儿家属的健康知识水平,缩短患儿的平均住院时间,减少红臀发生。