Correlates of participation in peer recovery support groups as well as voluntary and mandated substance abuse treatment among rural and urban probationers

This study explores the correlates of probationers' participation in 12-step programs, voluntary treatment, and mandated treatment, with respect to the geographic location of where the services are being provided as the primary covariate of interest. Data were derived from face-to-face interviews with rural and urban probationers (N = 1,464). Results of the three logistic regression models suggested that even when all the covariates are taken into account, urban probationers were significantly more likely to have been involved in 12-step programs, voluntary treatment, and mandated treatment over their lifespan. Despite high levels of self-reported substance use among all participants, treatment services were underused by rural probationers. These data suggest that individuals residing in rural communities may face additional barriers to receiving treatment services and that criminal involvement is associated with participation in peer recovery support groups and treatment. Future studies can investigate criminal involvement as an avenue to enhance recovery and how to overcome treatment barriers in rural areas.     

Using the K6 Scale to Screen for Serious Mental Illness among Criminal Justice Populations: Do Psychiatric Treatment Indicators Improve Detection Rates?

Using data from 3,534 men and 1,350 women who participated in the 2001 and 2002 National Household Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and who indicated past-year criminal justice involvement, this study evaluated the accuracy of the K6, a screening tool for severe psychological distress associated with serious mental illness, with and without additional questions on past-year psychiatric treatment. We used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Short Form (CIDI-SF) as the gold standard. We found the unmodified K6 to be about equally accurate for men and women with ROC-AUC values for both at .88 and sensitivity scores in the range of 62.4 to 74.0 for men and 70.3 to 80.9 for women. Inclusion of psychiatric treatment indicators increased sensitivity but decreased specificity of the K6 for both men and women and consequently did not improve overall performance. Based on these findings, we tentatively recommend use of the K6 with criminal justice populations, although we recommend more rigorous studies to establish an optimum threshold and to evaluate whether the K10 (the longer version of the K6) can improve on the sensitivity and positive predictive values obtained with the K6. We gratefully acknowledge support for this research from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Substance Abuse Policy Research Program under grant 049629 and from the National Institute on Drug Abuse under grant. R01 DA013943-03.