Inhibition by the putative potassium channel opener pinacidil of the electrically-evoked release of endogenous dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat vas deferens

Summary The effect of pinacidil on the release of endogenous noradrenaline and dopamine from the sympathetic innervation of the rat vas deferens was examined. Amine release was evoked by electrical stimulation (1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz) or by depolarization with high potassium (75 mmol/l) in the medium. Dopamine and noradrenaline were measured by means of high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.Pinacidil (1, 5, 10 and 50 mol/l) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the electrically stimulated (2 Hz) overflow of noradrenaline and dopamine. Only pinacidil 50 mol/l increased the spontaneous loss of dopamine and noradrenaline. The inhibitory effects of pinacidil (5 mol/l) on amine overflow were also observed at other frequencies of stimulation (1, 5 and 10 Hz). The magnitude of the inhibitory effect on noradrenaline release was approximately the same at all frequencies (63% to 56% reduction); for dopamine, the higher the frequency of stimulation, the greater the inhibitory effect of pinacidil (up to 73% reduction). When the preparations were continuously stimulated for 70 min at 2 Hz, pinacidil (5 mol/l) reduced the overflow of dopamine and noradrenaline during the first 40 or 30 min of stimulation only. The addition of phentolamine (1 mol/l) to the perifusion medium slightly reduced the inhibitory effect of pinacidil on amine overflow, but the inhibition by pinacidil remained statistically significant. Tetraethylammonium (10 mmol/l) completely abolished the inhibitory effect of pinacidil (10 mol/l). Pinacidil (5 mol/l) did not reduce the potassium-evoked release of the amines.The results demonstrate that pinacidil impairs transmitter release from the sympathetic innervation of the rat vas deferens, probably as a consequence of the opening of potassium channels. Send offprint request to P. Soares-da-Silva at the above adress     

Activators of potassium channels enhance calcium influx into endothelial cells as a consequence of potassium currents

Summary Ca²⁺ influx into stimulated endothelial cells is attenuated by depolarization. We hypothesized that Ca²⁺ influx is driven by the membrane potential and may be enhanced by hyperpolarizing drugs like activators of K⁺ channels. Therefore we studied the effects of pinacidil, cromakalim, and cicletanine on membrane currents and on the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) in cultured endothelial cells from porcine aorta. In patch-clamped cells, pinacidil (1 mol/l) and cromakalim (1 mol/l) elicited outward currents carried by K⁺ and significantly prolonged the Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ currents induced by bradykinin and ATP. Peak currents in response to bradykinin were not affected. In cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca²⁺ indicator indo-1 and prestimulated with thimerosal, pinacidil (0.1–1 mol/l elicited long-lasting increases in [Ca²⁺)_i from 100 ± 10 to 550 ± 110 nmol/l. These effects were completely abolished in a medium containing 90 mmol/l K⁺. Similar results were obtained with cromakalim. Likewise, in cells stimulated with bradykinin, pinacidil raised [Ca²⁺]_i when applied during the decline of [Ca²⁺]_i after the initial peak. Cicletanine elicited K⁺ currents in resting and attenuated K⁺ currents in bradykinin-stimulated cells. It elevated [Ca²⁺]_i even in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺ and in K⁺-rich medium. Hence, the effects of cicletanine cannot be explained by direct actions on K⁺ channels. However, our studies demonstrate that pinacidil and cromakalim elevate [Ca²⁺]_i secondary to their activation of K⁺ channels by inducing hyperpolarization and augmenting the driving force for potential-dependent Ca²⁺ influx. In this way, the two drugs may promote Ca²⁺-dependent formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Send offprint requests to A. Lückhoff at the above address     

吡那地尔对慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺动脉高压患者疗效的临床研究

目的评价吡那地尔（ein）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）肺动脉高压（PH）患者的疗效及其作用机制。方法将2009年1月-2012年1月诊治的COPD合并PH的患者178例,随机分为治疗组（A组）和对照组（B组）各89例。B组给予常规治疗,A组在常规治疗的基础上加用吡那地尔缓释胶囊25mg,2次,d,疗程4周,观察治疗前后两组肺动脉压收缩压（PAPs）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、动脉血氧分压（Pa021、动脉血二氧化碳分Iti,（PaC02）、1s用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1％pred）、第1s用力呼气容积占用力肺活量百分比（FEV1／FVC％）、6min步行距离（6MWD）及血压（BP）。结果A组治疗后PAPs、ET-1、PaCO2、及BP均有明显下降,与B组治疗后比较差异有统计学意义愀0．05）;而PaO2、FEV1％Pred、FEV1／FVC％及6MWD有显著提高,与B组治疗后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Pin通过降低血浆ET-1浓度降低肺动脉压力、改善患者肺功能及提高生活质量．     

吡那地尔后处理大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌线粒体的蛋白质组学研究

 目的: 运用蛋白质组学研究方法探讨吡那地尔后处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌的保护作用。方法: 建立Langendorff大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,随机分为吡那地尔后处理组(Pina组)和缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组),每组9只。提取心肌线粒体蛋白质行双向凝胶电泳,应用质谱鉴定差异大于2倍的蛋白质点。结果: Pina组与I/R组比较,共发现7个差异蛋白质:Pina组NADH脱氢酶1α亚复合体10亚基(NDUFA10)﹑NADH脱氢酶铁硫蛋白2(NDUFS2)和NADH脱氢酶黄素蛋白2(NDUFV2)表达低于I/R组;Pina组异柠檬酸脱氢酶α亚基(IDHA)和Δ^3,5-Δ^2,4-二烯酰辅酶A异构酶(ECH1)表达高于I/R组;另有2个蛋白质点均被鉴定为ATP合酶δ亚基,一个蛋白质点表达升高,而另一个表达降低。结论:吡那地尔后处理可能抑制了复合体Ⅰ的亚基(NDUFA10﹑NDUFS2和NDUFV2)代偿性增加,但促进了IDHA和ECH1表达并引发了ATP合酶δ亚基发生磷酸化,这些改变可能均与吡那地尔后处理保护心肌的作用有关。     

吡那地尔对缺氧缺糖损伤神经细胞的保护作用

目的　探讨ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放剂吡那地尔(Pinacidil,Pin)对体外培养大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞缺氧缺糖损伤的保护作用。　方法　取培养10 d神经细胞,建立神经细胞缺氧缺糖损伤模型。实验分正常对照组、模型对照组、给药组(Pin和 Pin+Gli处理组),观察缺氧缺糖 4、8、16 h,再复氧24 h后神经细胞死亡率、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出量和细胞凋亡率的变化,并观察 Pin及KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲(Gli)对其影响。　结果　经缺氧缺糖损伤后神经细胞死亡率、LDH%和细胞凋亡率均显著升高,Pin干预后,细胞死亡率(4 h: 21.42±3.68和14.83±2.94; 8 h: 36.58±6.14和19.25±3.33; 16 h: 49.17±8.3和28.64±6.4, P值均<0.01)、LDH%(4 h: 26.9±6.1和13.2±4.1; 8 h: 31.4±4.9和18.7±5.3; 16 h: 47.7±6.5和28.1±6.8, P值均<0.01)和细胞凋亡率(16 h: 42±7.8和20.4±5.5, P<0.01)均显著下降,Gli能对抗 Pin这种保护作用。　结论　KATP开放剂Pin具有直接的神经保护作用,其发挥保护作用的机制与其抑制神经细胞凋亡有关。     

吡那地尔及二氮嗪对长期低氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌ＫＡＴＰ通道蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究慢性低氧对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌ATP敏感钾通道(KATP)蛋白表达的影响及KATP开放剂吡那地尔及二氮嗪的作用.方法:SD雄性大鼠35只随机分成对照组、低氧组、吡那地尔干预组[吡那地尔2.0 mg/(kg·d),ig]、二氮嗪干预组[二氮嗪1.5 ms/(ks·d),ig]、5-羟癸酸(5-HD) 二氮嗪干预组[5-HD 3.0 ms/(kg·d),ig;二氮嗪1.5 ms/(ks·d),ig],每组7只.将低氧组和各干预组大鼠放入常压低氧舱内[O2(10.0%±0.5%)],每周6天,每天6 h 4周后测定平均肺动脉压(mPAP)并采用Western-blot技术,分析各组肺动脉主干平滑肌KATP蛋白表达.结果:①慢性低氧组大鼠的mPAP显著高于正常对照组,吡那地尔干预组肺动脉压较低氧组显著下降.二氮嗪干预组加重慢性低氧所致的肺动脉压力升高,5.HD Z.氮嗪干预组的mPAP显著低于二氮嗪干预组,P均<0.05.②低氧组调节亚基磺酰脲受体2B(SUR2B)蛋白水平显著低于正常组,吡那地尔干预组SUR2B显著高于低氧组,二氮嗪干预组SUR2B蛋白水平显著低于低氧组,5-HD 二氮嗪干预组SUR2B显著高于二氮嗪于预组,与低氧组亦有显著统计学差异,P均<0.05.各组内向整流性孔区6.1(Kir6.1)蛋白没有显著差异(P<0.05).结论:慢性低氧抑制KATP通道蛋白的表达,而吡那地尔能提高表达,对慢性低氧所致的肺动脉高压和肺血管壁重构具有较好的预防和逆转作用;二氮嗪能加重低氧性肺动脉压升高,并抑制KATP通道蛋白的表达.     

吡那地尔预处理对兔心脏缺血再灌注时心肌炎性反应的影响

目的 评价吡那地尔预处理对兔心脏缺血再灌注时心肌炎性反应的影响.方法 日本大耳白兔56只,随机分为4组:正常对照组(C组,n=8)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组,n=16)、吡那地尔预处理组(P组,n=16)和格列本脲组(G组,n=16).建立离体心脏Langendorff再灌注模型,灌注充氧K-H液,待心率平稳10 min时,C组取心肌组织,测定丙二醛(MDA)、补体C3a、细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)和细胞核NF-κBp65表达;I/R组继续灌注充氧K-H液40 min;P组灌注充氧K-H液10 min后,灌注10 μmol/L充氧吡那地尔30 min;G组灌注10 μmol/L充氧格列本脲10 min后,再灌注10 μmol/L充氧吡那地尔30min.随后I/R组、P组和G组行全心缺血40 min,再灌注充氧K-H液.I/R组、P组和G组分别于心率平稳10 min、再灌注30、60 min时取8个心脏,测定冠状静脉流出液中肌酸激酶(CK)活性和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度;再灌注60或120 min时测定心肌组织MDA、补体C3a、ICAM-1及细胞核NF-κBp65表达.结果 P组再灌注期间CK、TNF-α、MDA、补体C3a、ICAM-1和NF-κBp65水平均明显低于其他各组(P＜0.05).结论 吡那地尔预处理可减轻兔心脏缺血再灌注时心肌炎性反应,可能与ATP敏感性钾通道开放有关,从而对心肌产生保护作用.     

含钾通道开放剂的HTK液对大鼠心功能以及线粒体结构和功能的影响

目的 观察含钾通道开放剂的供心保存液对心功能以及能量代谢、线粒体呼吸酶活性及超微结构的影响.方法 将SD大鼠分为HTK组、Pi组、5HD组、1098组和5HD+1098组.切取SD大鼠心脏,建立Langendorff灌注模型,平衡10 min,然后按分组进行如下处理:HTK组心脏以Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate液(HTK液)停搏;Pi组心脏以含0.5 mmol/L吡那地尔(Pi)的HTK液停搏;1098组心脏以含0.5 mmol/L Pi和100 μmol/L HMR1098的HTK液停搏;5HD组心脏以含0.5 mmol/L Pi和100 μmol/L五羟葵酸(5HD)的HTK液停搏;5HD+1098组心脏以含0.5 μmol/L Pi、100 μmol/L 5HD和100μmol/L HMR1098的HTK液停搏.停搏后,将心脏置于各组相应的液体(4℃)中保存8 h,然后用含氧的37℃克-亨液(K-H液)再灌注60 min.观察各组平衡末、保存末、再灌注末时的心功能、线粒体呼吸酶活性、心肌ATP含量及心肌细胞线粒体超微结构的改变.结果 Pi组保存末、再灌注末的心功能(心率、左心室舒张末压、左心室发展压和冠状动脉流量)、心肌线粒体呼吸酶(NADH氧化酶、琥珀酸氧化酶、细胞色素C氧化酶)活性及ATP含量均优于其他各组(P<0.01或P<0.05),同时线粒体的结构改变也最轻.结论 含Pi的HTK液能改善大鼠心脏保存效果;Pi对能量状态的维持以及对线粒体结构与功能的保护可能是其心肌保护的重要机制.     

Mechanisms of pinacidil-induced vasodilatation

The mechanism of the vasodilator effect of pinacidil was examined. Pinacidil (0.1–100 μM) inhibited the increases in cytosolic Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) and muscle tension due to norepinephrine in rat aorta. In contrast, a Ca²⁺ channel blocker, verapamil, inhibited the norepinephrine-stimulated [Ca²⁺]_i more strongly than the contraction. Higher concentrations of pinacidil (3–100 μM) inhibited the verapamil-insensitive portion of the contraction and [Ca²⁺]_i. An inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels, glibenclamide, antagonized the inhibitory effect of low concentrations ( 10 pM) of pinacidol. Pinacidil did not change the contraction induced by Ca²⁺ in vascular smooth muscle permeabilized with Staphylococcus aureus -toxin. Norepinephrine (in the presence of GTP), 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (in the absence of GTP), and treatment with GTP_γS potentiated the contraction of permeabilized smooth muscle induced by the addition of Ca²⁺. Pinacidil (100 μM) inhibited the potentiation due to GTP_γS or noepinephrine but not to phorbol ester. These results suggest that pinacidil has dual effects on vascular smooth muscle contraction. At lower concentrations (>0.1 μM), it decreases [Ca²⁺]_i, possibly by activating ATP-sensitive K+ channels. At higher concentrations (> 3 μM), it may additionally inhibit the receptor-mediated, GTP-binding protein-coupled phosphatidyl inositol turnover.     

钾通道开放剂Pinacidil及其类似物的合成

不同烷基取代的吡啶氰胍类化合物均具一定降压活性,Pinacidil是这类药物的代表,为一新型的降压药物。我们设计并合成了10个3-吡啶取代的类似物(均未见文献报道),并通过元素分析,MS,~1HNMR和IR确定了它们的结构。初步的药理试验表明,大部分化合物均有一定的降压活性,深入的药理工作正在进行之中。