Metabolic and toxic behaviours of phthalimide derivatives in albino rat

Chloromethyl phthalimide, oxymethyl phthalimide, and phthalimide are absorbed by the albino rat at a comparatively high rate. Only phthalimide, the metabolic product, will be recordable from fetuses, following oral administration of chloromethyl phthalimide and oxymethyl phthalimide to pregnant rats. Those findings, in conjunction with metabolic studies applied to fetuses isolated by caesarian section, appear to suggest the occurrence of an intensive metabolism in fetal tissue. Certain differences established between results of thin-layer chromatography, on the one hand, and ¹⁵N studies, on the other, are likely to support the assumption that phthalimide is further metabolised by splitting the imide ring yielding phthalamic acid.

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Zusammenfassung Chlormethylphthalimid, Oxymethylphthalimid und Phthalimid werden verhältnismäßig schnell von der Albinoratte resorbiert. Nach oraler Verabreichung von Chlormethyl- und Oxymethylphthalimid an die Muttertiere ist in den Feten nur das Stoffwechselprodukt Phthalimid nachweisbar. Diese Befunde weisen im Zusammenhang mit Stoffwechseluntersuchungen an isolierten Feten auf einen intensiven Stoffwechsel in fetalen Geweben hin. Unterschiede zwischen dünnschichtchromatographischen und ¹⁵N-Untersuchungen lassen vermuten, daß Phthalimid durch Öffnung des Imidringes weiter zur Phthalamidsäure metabolisiert wird.

     

Synthesis,docking and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assessment of 2-(2-(4-Benzylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives with potential anti-Alzheimer effects

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common form of dementia accounting for about 50-60% of the overall cases of dementia among persons over 65 years of age. Low acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in hippocampus and cortex areas of the brain is one of the main reasons for this disease. In recent years, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors like donepezil with prevention of acetylcholine hydrolysis can enhance the duration of action of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft and improve the dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Results

Design, synthesis and assessment of anticholinesterase activity of 2-(2-(4-Benzylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives showed prepared compounds can function as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Among 12 synthesized derivatives, compound 4a with ortho chlorine moiety as electron withdrawing group exhibited the highest potency in these series (IC₅₀ = 0.91 ± 0.045 μM) compared to donepezil (IC₅₀ = 0.14 ± 0.03 μM). The results of the enzyme inhibition test (Ellman test) showed that electron withdrawing groups like Cl, F and NO₂ can render the best effect at position ortho and para of the phenyl ring. But compound 4g with methoxy group at position 3(meta) afforded a favorable potency (IC₅₀ = 5.5 ± 0.7 μM). Furthermore, docking study confirmed a same binding mode like donepezil for compound 4a.

Conclusions

Synthesized compounds 4a-4l could be proposed as potential anticholinesterase agents.     

The phthalimide analogues N-3-hydroxypropylphthalimide and N-carboxymethyl-3-nitrophthalimide exhibit activity in experimental models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain

BackgroundPhthalimide analogues devoid of the glutarimide moiety exhibit multiple biological activities, thus making them candidates for the treatment of patients with different diseases, including those with inflammatory and painful disorders. In the present study, the activities of five phthalimide analogues devoid of the glutarimide moiety (N-hydroxyphthalimide, N-hydroxymethylphthalimide, N-3-hydroxypropylphthalimide, N-carboxy-3-methylphthalimide, N-carboxymethyl-3-nitrophthalimide) were evaluated in experimental models of acute and chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain.MethodsThe phthalimide analogues were administered per os (po) in Swiss mice or Wistar rats. Nociceptive response induced by formaldehyde and mechanical allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve or intraplantar (ipl) injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) were used as experimental models of pain.ResultsN-carboxymethyl-3-nitrophthalimide (700 mg/kg, -1 h) inhibited the second phase of the nociceptive response induced by the intraplantar injection of formaldehyde in mice. N-3-hidroxypropylphthalimide (546 mg/kg, -1 h) inhibited both phases of the nociceptive response induced by formaldehyde. Treatment of rats with N-carboxymethyl-3-nitrophthalimide (700 mg/kg) or N-3-hydroxypropylphthalimide (546 mg/kg) inhibited the mechanical allodynia induced by CCI of the sciatic nerve or ipl injection of CFA in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (10 mg/kg, -1.5 h) attenuated the antinociceptive activity of N-carboxymethyl-3-nitrophthalimide (700 mg/kg) in the model of nociceptive response induced by formaldehyde.ConclusionsN-3-hydroxypropylphthalimide and N-carboxymethyl-3-nitrophthalimide, two phthalimide analogues devoid of the glutarimide moiety, exhibited activities in different experimental models of pain, including models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain.     

2－（2－甲氧基苯氧）乙胺的合成

２－（２－甲氧基苯氧）乙胺Ⅰ是合成某些抗高血压药物的重要中间体，本研究探索二种途径制备。一是以２－甲氧基苯酚为起始原料，经相应的苯氧乙酸、苯氧乙酰胺，再用ＺｎＣｌ２－ＫＢＨ４－ＴＨＦ－Ｃ６Ｈ５－ＣＨ３体系还原，得目的物，并将Ⅰ转变成盐酸盐Ⅱ。二是通过Ｇａｂｒｉｅｌ反应制备目的物。结果表明第一种途径总收率（５８．１％）高于其他路线，并有原料易得、操作简便的优点     

Phthalimide analogs as probable 15-lipoxygenase-1 inhibitors: synthesis,biological evaluation and docking studies

Background

Recent studies have been explained the role of lipoxygenases (LOX) in the origin of cancer. Among the lipoxygenases, the 5-LOX, 12-LOX and 15-LOX are more important in the cause of neoplastic disorders. In the present investigation, a new series of anticancer agents with 1,3,4-thiadiazole and phthalimide substructures were synthesized and their in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Moreover, enzyme inhibitory potency was also assessed by enzymatic protocol towards 15-LOX-1. Molecular docking was performed to explore in silico binding mode of the target compounds.

Results

Tested compounds showed a better cytotoxic activity against HT29 cell line (colorectal cancer) in comparison with other cell lines (PC3: prostate carcinoma; SKNMC: neuroblastoma). Unfortunately, all of the tested derivatives rendered lower inhibitory potency than quercetin towards 15-LOX-1. Four hydrogen bonds were detected in docking studies for compound 4d as the most potent derivative in enzymatic assay.

Conclusions

The biological results of reported compounds in this research were not so satisfactory. But, further structural modifications are necessary to improve the bioactivity of these derivatives.     

新型N-取代邻苯二甲酰亚胺类衍生物抗肿瘤血管生成活性评价

目的 对前期合成的邻苯二甲酰亚胺衍生物的抗肿瘤血管生成活性进行评价.方法 应用体外细胞培养模型、体内斑马鱼模型和C57BL/6荷瘤小鼠模型对化合物的抗肿瘤血管生成活性进行考察.结果 N-苄基-4,6-二甲氧基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(7i)和N-苄基-4,6-二-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(8i)能够显著抑制人肺腺癌A549细胞中血管内皮生长因子分泌,同时能够抑制斑马鱼体节间血管生成.两种化合物抑制Lewis肺腺癌移植瘤生长,并优于阳性对照药沙利度胺.结论 所合成的新型邻苯二甲酰亚胺类衍生物具有一定的抗肿瘤血管生成作用,具有进一步合成修饰研究价值.     

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of thalidomide in patients affected by hepatocellular carcinoma

The present study developed a validate and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of thalidomide (T) in plasma, to quantify T in patients affected by hepatocellular carcinoma. Twelve male subjects aging from 62 to 82 years and weighting 66-88kg, were orally administered with single dose of T (200mg/BW). Two ml of stabilizer-solution (CH(3)OH/CH(3)CN, 1/1 (v/v)+CH(3)COOH 2%) were added to 1ml of human plasma and stoked to -80 degrees C until analyses. This moisture (1.38mul) was added with 20mul of CF(3)COOH and 100mul of phthalimide (IS) 1.75mug/ml, vortexed and centrifuged. Surnatant (800mul) was dried under vacuum at room temperature, added with 50mul of appropriate solution and injected onto HPLC. T and IS were detected at UV wavelength of 220nm with a run time of 10min. Mobile phase was 10mM pH 5.5NH(4)(+)CH(3)COO(-)/CH(3)CN, 75/25 (v/v) buffer at flow rate of 1.5ml/min. Inter-day and intra-day variation coefficient was <10% with an error of accuracy <10%. The present detection method was able to quantify T to every withdrawal time period (LOD 0.05mug/ml). The IS used in the present study had the same wavelength maximum absorption of T, differently from early UV detection methods reported in literature where phenacetin was used. Pharmacokinetic parameters belonging from the present study are not significantly different from those calculated in previously studies performed in human health subjects and patients affected by other pathology.     

Synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation of<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-substituted-isoindolinedione derivatives

A series of N-substituted-1,3-isoindolinedione derivatives (2-16) were synthesized for the purpose of defining the effect of N-substitution on the anticonvulsant activity of these derivatives. The target compounds (2-16) were obtained by condensation of phthalic anhydride with the corresponding amine derivative. The structures of the synthesized derivatives (2-16) were confirmed by means of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and elemental analyses. The anticonvulsant activity of all compounds (2-16) were evaluated by subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold test at doses of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mmol/kg compared with sodium valproate as a positive control. Their neurotoxicity were determined by the rotorod test. Many of the present series of compounds showed good anticonvulsant activity at the tested doses, as compared to sodium valproate. Three of them (4, 6 and 11) exhibited 100% protection against convulsions, neurotoxicity and death at all tested doses. Out of the series, two compounds (12 and 13) were completely inactive with 100% mortality. 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-(1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2-isoindolyl)butanoic acid derivative (11) has emerged as the most active compound which is 20 times more active than valproate with ED50 8.7, 169 mg/kg; TD50 413, 406 mg/kg and PI 47.5, 2.4. The results revealed the importance of the combination of baclofenic and phthalimide moieties (compound 11) as a promising anticonvulsant candidate.