20世纪40年代我国的青霉素研制工作

我国于1941年秋开始研制青霉素,1944年9月5日研制成功,1947年初建立了第一座小型现代化青霉素工厂,并开始向工业化生产发展,40年代我国研制青霉素的工作,为我国青霉素工业化生产奠定了基础,在我国现代医药史上占有重要地位。     

Leukocytopenia, Thrombocytopenia and Fever Related to Piperacillin/Tazobactam Treatment – A Retrospective Analysis in 38 Children with Cytic Fibrosis

Summary Bone marrow suppression is an important adverse reaction to most betalactam antibiotics. Recently it was suggested that piperacillin/tazobactam (PT) also may cause bone marrow toxicity. We retrospectively analyzed 100 IV antibiotic treatment courses (mean duration 12.5 days) in 38 patients (median age 14 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were treated in our hospital. Of the patients receiving PT (84%), 6 patients (18.75% of PT-treated patients, 10.3% of PT treatment courses) developed fever, malaise and headache during treatment without signs of acute infection. In one patient definite thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, in two others a milder decrease in leukocyte and thrombocyte counts was observed after the onset of fever. The events were time- and dose-dependent occurring between day 11 and 15 of treatment. Treatment courses lasted longer (14.2 vs 11.3 days; p < 0.05) and patients had received a higher cumulative dose of PT (4919 ± 1975 mg/kg b.w. vs 3161 ± 1635 mg/kg; p < 0.02, Student's t-test) in the affected group than in the unaffected group. After discontinuation of PT, fever subsided within 24 h and blood cell counts normalized. We hypothesize that these fever episodes and changes of blood parameters are related to PT therapy. Received: February 8, 1999 · Accepted: September 17, 1999     

76株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

收集临床标本中鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌238株,按耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定方法进行分离鉴定和药敏试验。结果:检出MRSA76株,检出率为31.9％。MRSA对万古霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、利福平、头孢噻吩、氟哌酸较敏感,而对其它常用抗生素均有很高的耐药率。     

Oral phenoxymethylpenicillin treatment during pregnancy

The objective of the study was to examine the human teratogenic potential of oral penicillin V: phenoxymethylpenicillin treatment during pregnancy in the large population-based dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–1996. The dataset included 22,865 pregnant women who had fetuses or newborns with congenital abnormalities and 38,151 matched pregnant women who had newborn infants without any congenital abnormality (population control group). Of 22,865 case pregnant women, 173 (0.8%) had phenoxymethylpenicillin treatments, while of 38,151 population controls, 218 (0.6) were treated by this penicillin V (crude OR 1.3 with 95% CI: 1.1–1.6). This difference was explained mainly by recall bias and confounders because adjusted OR for medically documented phenoxymethylpenicillin treatments did not show difference during the second-third months of gestation, i.e. in the critical period for most major congenital abnormalities in case-matched control pairs. Thus, treatment with oral phenoxymethylpenicillin during pregnancy presents very little if any teratogenic risk to the fetus. Received: December 1998 / Accepted: 8 December 1999     

用改良的羟胺法测定青霉素类物质

在青霉素类物质的物理—化学测定方法中,羟胺法因基于内酰胺环结构,故其结果可与生物测定方法一致,但该方法的显色稳定性极差,最多在5分钟内稳定。在反应条件分析基础上提出的改良羟胺法,显色在6小时内稳定,检测灵敏度也较Boxer方法提高约20％。本方法可广泛用于青霉素类物质(天然青霉素类、半合成青霉素类及6-APA)的测定。     

TLC法鉴定皮肤及肌肉组织中的青霉素

目的 :建立一种快速鉴定动物及人皮肤或肌肉组织中青霉素的方法。方法 :利用薄层层析( TLC)法将动物模型及人体皮肤、肌肉组织中青霉素分离提纯后进行鉴定。结果 :从实验动物及人皮肤或肌肉组织中分离提纯青霉素获得的色斑与青霉素标准品色斑和 Rf值完全相同 ,层析色谱清晰 ,色斑鲜明 ,可在正常环境中保存 1 92 h以上。结论 :TLC法对因青霉素过敏导致死亡的医疗纠纷案的法医学鉴定提供充分的科学根据     

Effects of penicillins on binding of phenytoin to plasma proteins in vitro and in vivo

Effects of penicillins on the binding of phenytoin to plasma proteins were examined in vitro and in vivo. The results from in vitro studies showed that the penicillins including oxacillin and dicloxacillin were effective in displacing phenytoin from its binding sites. In vivo, the total phenytoin concentration in serum decreased during penicillin administration, while the free phenytoin concentration increased. As a result, penicillins caused a significant increase in the apparent volume of distribution and in the total body clearance of phenytoin. These results can be explained on the basis of the displacement of phenytoin from its plasma protein binding site by penicillins.     

青霉素类药物的化学结构与其交叉过敏反应

目的 探讨青霉素类药物的化学结构与其交叉过敏反应的关系。方法 采用放射免疫吸附试验(radioallergosorbent test, RAST)方法检测133例青霉素过敏患者血清中针对4种青霉素类药物的8种特异性IgE抗体,采用RAST抑制实验和单个核细胞增殖实验研究青霉素类药物的化学结构与其交叉过敏反应的关系。结果 8种特异性IgE抗体的总阳性率为59.40%(79/133),仅对一种药物抗体呈阳性的占26.36%(35/133),不同药物间血清特异性IgE抗体存在交叉反应的占33.08%(44/133)。RAST抑制实验表明,有的病例侧链的抑制率与药物相近,母核抑制率最低;有的病例母核抑制率最高,药物及其各侧链结构的抑制率相近。细胞增殖实验显示,药物、侧链、母核均诱导外周血单个核细胞增殖。其中,药物诱导细胞增殖能力较强,而侧链诱导细胞增殖能力最弱。结论     

广州地区耐青霉素肺炎链球菌分离状况及药物敏感性

目的　调查广州地区耐青霉素肺炎链球菌分离状况及其对８ 种抗菌药物体外抗菌活性,用以指导临床治疗时抗菌药物的选择。方法　采用Ｅｔｅｓｔ 方法。结果　从临床分离的１０２ 株肺炎链球菌中低耐药株１２ 株,对８ 种抗菌药物中阿莫西林／ 克拉维酸钾、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢克罗、氧氟沙星等抗菌活性在敏感范围,以阿莫西林／ 克拉维酸钾和头孢曲松最敏感,对青霉素、苯唑西林、阿齐霉素耐药。结论　广州地区耐青霉素肺炎链球菌的分离率不高,但随着抗生素的广泛使用,耐药株有可能增加,应引起高度重视。