胎龄<28周早产儿动脉导管未闭的治疗进展

动脉导管未闭(PDA)是早产儿常见疾病,目前早产儿PDA的自然发展过程仍未完全明确,PDA发生的有些高危因素仍存在争议,对PDA是否进行药物、手术干预,以及何时进行药物、手术干预仍存在争议。尽管已经有相当多的证据证实动脉导管持续开放可能有害,但目前尚缺乏关闭导管治疗方案的远期益处或害处的相关证据。大多数临床试验旨在评估短期导管开放对患儿的影响。目前尚无评估动脉导管持续开放对早产儿死亡率及并发症影响的临床试验。近年来PDA治疗上最大的变化是减少对PDA的治疗。该文重点总结胎龄28周早产儿PDA的治疗策略。     

Impact of Transcatheter Occlusion of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus on Atrial Septal Defect Diameter in Children

Background. A persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may delay closure of a coexisting atrial septal defect (ASD) due to volume loading and enlargement of the left atrium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural history of ASD size in patients with a PDA following transcatheter PDA occlusion. Methods. All patients with an ASD and a PDA who underwent transcatheter PDA occlusion at Texas Children’s Hospital were identified. Patients with ASD diameter <3 mm, or additional cardiac defects were excluded. Eight patients (7 females) with small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs and a PDA were identified. Patient demographics, echocardiographic data, and cardiac catheterization data were recorded. Data were analyzed by 1‐tailed t‐test. Results. Following PDA occlusion, ASD diameter decreased in 6 of 8 patients by a mean of 3.8 mm (±2.3 mm), including 2 that closed. The median duration of follow‐up was 689 days. One ASD remained unchanged and 1 increased in size. The mean maximum ASD diameter decreased from 6.4 mm (±2.2 mm) to 3.9 mm (±3.4 mm) (P = .03). Two patients underwent subsequent transcatheter ASD occlusion. Conclusion. Following transcatheter PDA occlusion, small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs have significant probability to decrease in size, and possibly close. In infants and children, we recommend transcatheter PDA occlusion, and serial follow‐up of the size of the ASD. This will allow many small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs to either close, or become smaller, obviating the need for future intervention.     

心间隔缺损并哑性动脉导管未闭4例

我院治疗６６例心间隔缺损的病例中，有４例合并哑性动脉导管未闭（简称ＰＤＡ），发生率６％。全组病例术前均无ＰＤＡ临床体征，１例术前再次复查心脏彩超时发现，其余３例均漏诊。１例先处理ＰＤＡ，３例在纠正心内畸形同时处理ＰＤＡ。心间隔缺损合并哑性ＰＤＡ容易漏诊，但有其临床特点，手术可先处理ＰＤＡ，或在体外循环下处理ＰＤＡ。     

先天性心脏病动脉导管未闭介入治疗及血流动力学变化

目的观察动脉导管未闭经皮心导管封堵术前后右心血流动力学的变化,评价其临床意义。方法对50例动脉导管未闭儿童患者,在进行介入性经皮心导管封堵术治疗前应用X线降主动脉造影测量前,术后经导管检测右心血流动力学指标变化。结果未闭动脉导管最窄处直径(5．6±1．3)mm;术前肺动脉平均压(19．1±2．3)mmHg,左向右分流量平均为(0．41±0．13)l／min,血流分流量占肺循环血流量的比例平均为(0．17±0．03);术后肺动脉平均压(14．4±1．7)mmHg,左向右分流量平均为(0．03±0．01)l／min,血流分流量占肺循环血流量的比例平均为(0．02±0．01),相应数据比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。结论动脉导管未闭经皮心导管封堵术前后血流动力学会发生改变,肺动脉平均压,左向右分流量以及分流量占肺循环血流量的比例均会不同程度下降,这种改变可以作为评价介入治疗效果的重要指标。     

Pulmonary effects of closure of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome

The pulmonary effects of closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were investigated in 11 premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Successful closure of a PDA did not improve the short-term severity of pulmonary disease (24 and 48 h after treatment) as judged by the arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio or the amount of ventilatory support. Also, pulmonary mechanics measured 24 h before, 24 and 48 h after treatment, were not statistically different.Conclusion Infants with severe respiratory disease requiring high ventilation pressure and high oxygen concentration, where structural changes in the lungs are already established, will rarely show short-term improvement in pulmonary disease as a result of closure of a PDA. The overall clinical condition may, however, improve as a result of reduced cardiovascular strain. Earlier treatment of a PDA could reduce the ventilation period and the possible risk of developing chronic lung disease.     

小儿鞘状突畸形的一日住院手术

报告自1988年1月至1990年1月以一日往院手术治疗小儿鞘状突畸形159例,其中腹股沟疝120例,鞘膜水囊肿39例。小儿疝囊或未闭鞘状突高位结扎虽然是小儿外科最常见的基本手术,但有时也会遇到困难,发生较严重的并发症,不宜完全按门诊手术处理。一日住院手术治疗鞘状突畸形可以提高病床周转率,减少术后院内交叉感染。本文讨论了一日住院手术的适应症,实施方法及其对手术者和麻醉医师的要求。     

小儿先天性左向右分流型心脏病的介入治疗

目的　评价应用Amplatzer封堵器进行介入治疗小儿先天性心脏病的效果、安全性。方法　超声心动图确诊的动脉导管未闭 (PDA)、房间隔缺损 (ASD)及膜部室间隔缺损 (膜部VSD)患者 4 9例 ,在透视或 /和经胸超声心动图 (TTE)指引下置入Amplatzer封堵器 ,术后 2 4小时 ,1、3、6、12个月及以后每年分别TTE、ECG和X线胸片检查评价治疗效果。结果　 16例ASD球囊测量缺损伸展径为 13～ 2 8(平均 19 3± 4 9)mm ,选择封堵器直径 13～ 30 (平均 2 0 6± 5 1)mm ;2 5例PDA造影测量PDA最窄处直径为 2～ 7 7(平均 3 9± 1 5 )mm ,选择封堵器直径 4～ 12 (平均 6 6± 1 9)mm ;8例膜部VSD造影测量VSD直径 3 4～ 8(平均 4 7± 2 3)mm ,选择封堵器直径 6～ 10 (平均 7 8±1 7)mm。技术成功率为 10 0 % ,术中未发生任何并发症 ,无急诊手术病例。术后即刻造影或TTE显示 10例存在残余分流 ,3个月TTE示所有病例无残余分流和再通 ,心室内径均有不同程度的缩小 ,肺动脉压下降。结论　应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗小儿先天性心脏病 ,具有操作简单、安全、损伤小、成功率高等优点 ,适合于儿童继发孔型ASD、各种类型的PDA及膜部VSD的介入治疗     

Effect of Dexamethasone Therapy on the Neonatal Ductus Arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is believed to be a contributing factor in the etiopathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We studied the effects of early dexamethasone therapy on persistent ductal patency and the role of PDA in the etiopathogenesis of BPD during the course of a randomized double-blind trial of dexamethasone to prevent BPD. Infants, who weighed between 700 and 999 g, had severe RDS, and had been given surfactant, were randomized to receive a 12-day course of dexamethasone (n= 13) or placebo (n= 17) starting within the first 12 hours of postnatal life. The diagnosis of PDA was made clinically and was confirmed by cardiac ultrasound. The incidence of clinically significant ductus in infants who weighed less than 1000 g was 23% in the dexamethasone-treated group, as compared with 59% in infants who were given placebo. This difference was marginally significant, p= 0.05, odds ratio 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.04–1.05. None of the infants in the dexamethasone group had recurrence of PDA after indomethacin therapy as compared with three infants in the placebo group. Dexamethasone significantly reduced the number of days infants required ventilator and supplemental oxygen as compared with infants who received placebo. Dexamethasone, as compared with placebo, also reduced the incidence of BPD, p= 0.025, odds ratio 0.08, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.58. Dexamethasone may reduce the incidence of PDA in premature infants who weigh less than 1000 g at birth and thereby reduce the incidence of BPD.     

经皮导管介入治疗小儿动脉导管未闭2例分析

目的　应用导管介入性治疗小儿动脉导管未闭 (PDA)并对其近期疗效进行初步评价。方法　 2例 PDA患儿均采用 Amplatzer蘑菇伞法 ,在透视下经 6 F输送器置入 PDA蘑菇伞封堵器 ,术中造影显示 1例PDA蘑菇伞呈管型 ,3.9m m× 7.7m m ,另 1例呈漏斗型 ,18m m× 9.4 mm ,分别选择 14 /12 mm和 16 /14m m PDA蘑菇伞封堵器 ,术后 10 min主动脉弓降部造影 ,4 8h及 3个月、0 .5 a分别行超声心动图 (UCG)检查评价疗效。结果　 2例均一次性放置 PDA蘑菇伞封堵器成功 ,术后随访 0 .5 a,U CG检查动脉水平分流完全消失。结论　应用导管介入治疗小儿 PDA是有效的非手术治疗方法 ,近期疗效满意。