Management of intraabdominal testicle during laparoscopic hernia repair

A 22-year-old man who had previously undergone work-up for right cryptorchidism and been diagnosed as having right testicular absence was referred for repair of a right inguinal hernia. A laparoscopic approach was chosen for this patient, and at the time of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy, a small intraabdominal testicle was visualized and removed laparoscopically.Laparoscopy has served as an excellent procedure for locating intraabdominal testes and planning the most appropriate treatment for many cryptorchid patients. Until recently, atrophic testes located within the abdominal cavity through use of a laparoscope were removed via an open technique. Advances in laparoscopy now enable detection and definitive treatment for these patients without the need for large, more painful incisions.The laparoscopic approach to this patient enabled diagnosis and management of his cryptorchidism and provided a means for repair of his hernia.     

Repeated quantitative bone scintigraphy in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with orchiectomy

Bone scintigraphy was performed in 16 men with newly diagnosed prostatic carcinoma before orchiectomy as well as 2 weeks and 2 months after operation. The uptake in the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae was registered up to 240 min after injection of ^99mTc-MDP and was then calculated for each patient and vertebra. The relative standard deviation in measured uptake due to measuring technique was estimated to be±7%. In eight patients, who had normal bone scintigraphies before orchiectomy, there were no changes in the uptake values after operation. The remaining eight patients had widespread metastatic involvement prior to treatment. Six of these patients showed a so called flare phenomenon in the abnormal vertebrae which means an initial increase in uptake after operation followed by a decreased uptake in response to therapy. One patient had a continuously increased uptake in all the abnormal vertebrae which correlated well with the clinical progression of the disease, while in another patient both reactions were seen. Thus, repeated quantitative bone scintigraphies using ^99mTc-MDP can be made in a reproducible way and can be a useful tool to follow a patient's response to treatment.     

术中^125I粒子植入联合睾丸切除治疗前列腺癌

目的探讨术中125I放射粒子(种子源)植入联合睾丸切除在前列腺癌治疗中的意义。方法11例前列腺癌患者术中切除睾丸后,依据术前治疗计划所需粒子数目和位置,经膀胱切口将放射性125I放射性粒子植入前列腺癌组织中行内放射治疗。结果术后6~12个月随访,发现9例患者前列腺体积及前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)均有不同程度降低,1例死亡,1例病灶控制不理想,其余患者无一例出现尿潴留、尿失禁及便血等严重并发症。结论术中125I放射性粒子植入联合睾丸切除是治疗前列腺癌的一种有效手段。     

The effects of organ resection on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis

The effect of unilateral nephrectomy, orchiectomy or partial hepatectomy on the growth of chemically induced rat bladder tumors was investigated. Male F344 rats were treated with 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) for 5 weeks, and surgical resection of one of these organs was performed 2 weeks after the completion of BBN administration. Histological evaluation of the bladder 24 weeks after the start of the experiment revealed that unilateral nephrectomy and orchiectomy significantly increased the numbers of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions as compared with the corresponding sham-operated groups. Partial hepatectomy also enhanced tumor growth, although not significantly. Immunohistochemical studies examining the effect of organ resection on normal bladder urothelium showed that BrdU immunostaining of urothelial cells significantly increased 7 days after unilateral nephrectomy or orchiectomy, while BrdU incorporation was minimum after partial hepatectomy or sham operation. C-met expression in the bladder urothelium was evident following unilateral nephrectomy or partial hepatectomy, while increased immunoreactivity of androgen receptor was noted following unilateral orchiectomy. Further study is needed to determine the exact mechanism of the bladder tumor growth-enhancing effect associated with organ restriction. Received: 12 July 2000 / Accepted: 23 February 2001     

Increased RANK ligand in bone marrow of orchiectomized rats and prevention of their bone loss by the RANK ligand inhibitor osteoprotegerin

Orchiectomized (ORX) rats were used to examine the extent to which their increased bone resorption and decreased bone density might relate to increases in RANKL, an essential cytokine for bone resorption.Serum testosterone declined by > 95% in ORX rats 1 and 2 weeks after surgery (p < 0.05 versus sham controls), with no observed changes in serum RANKL. In contrast, RANKL in bone marrow plasma and bone marrow cell extracts was significantly increased (by  100%) 1 and 2 weeks after ORX. Regression analyses of ORX and sham controls revealed a significant inverse correlation between testosterone and RANKL levels measured in marrow cell extracts (R = − 0.58), while marrow plasma RANKL correlated positively with marrow plasma TRACP-5b, an osteoclast marker (R = 0.63). The effects of RANKL inhibition were then studied by treating ORX rats for 6 weeks with OPG-Fc (10 mg/kg, twice/week SC) or with PBS, beginning immediately after surgery. Sham controls were treated with PBS. Vehicle-treated ORX rats showed significant deficits in BMD of the femur/tibia and lower trabecular bone volume in the distal femur (p < 0.05 versus sham). OPG-Fc treatment of ORX rats increased femur/tibia BMD and trabecular bone volume to levels that significantly exceeded values for ORX or sham controls. OPG-Fc reduced trabecular osteoclast surfaces in ORX rats by 99%, and OPG-Fc also prevented ORX-related increases in endocortical eroded surface and ORX-related reductions in periosteal bone formation rate. Micro-CT of lumbar vertebrae from OPG-Fc-treated ORX rats demonstrated significantly greater cortical and trabecular bone volume and density versus ORX-vehicle controls. In summary, ORX rats exhibited increased RANKL protein in bone marrow plasma and in bone marrow cells, with no changes in serum RANKL. Data from regression analyses were consistent with a potential role for testosterone in suppressing RANKL production in bone marrow, and also suggested that soluble RANKL in bone marrow might promote bone resorption. RANKL inhibition prevented ORX-related deficits in trabecular BMD, trabecular architecture, and periosteal bone formation while increasing cortical and trabecular bone volume and density. These results support the investigation of RANKL inhibition as a strategy for preventing bone loss associated with androgen ablation or deficiency.     

晚期前列腺癌的综合治疗

目的:探讨晚期前列腺癌综合治疗方法。方法:对50例晚期前列腺癌采用经尿道前列腺汽化电切+双侧睾丸切除+雄激素受体阻断疗法。结果:IPSS评分由术前平均26.4分降至术后平均9分,生活质量评估由术前平均5.1分降至术后平均1.5分。最大尿流率由术前平均5.1m L/s升至术后平均15.2m L/s,残余尿量由术前平均142m L降至术后平均26m L。术后随访6个月～6年,5例癌性死亡,死亡率10%。结论:经尿道前列腺汽化电切对晚期前列腺癌并下尿路梗阻的治疗安全可靠,结合双侧睾丸切除及雄激素阻断治疗能起到协同治疗作用,可进一步提高疗效。     

Perinatal testicular torsion

Testicular torsion (TT) occurs when the testis rotates around the axis of the spermatic cord attachments and prevents blood flow to the testis, resulting in tissue ischemia. If this occurs in the first month of life it is referred to as “perinatal TT” (PTT) or “neonatal TT” (NTT). PTT has an incidence of 6.1 per 100,000 live births. Some of these cases occur prenatally. It can be missed on the initial newborn examination, as it can be asymptomatic. Hence, the true incidence is much higher since it is underdiagnosed. The types of TT include extravaginal, intravaginal, and mesorchial. Most cases of PTT are extravaginal. The diagnosis can generally be made on physical examination. Ultrasonography (US) can help exclude other rare diagnoses as long as surgical intervention is not delayed. There has been some debate regarding the timing of surgery. Although the torsed testicle may not be salvageable, the likelihood of asymptomatic bilateral TT has to be borne in mind and contralateral orchiopexy done at the time of exploration would prevent an asynchronous torsion. Nonoperative maneuvers to detorse in PTT are not recommended. The evaluation, diagnostic approach, and management of this relatively rare condition are described.     

Radiation therapy of seminoma of the testis

Seventy-three consecutive patients with seminom of the testis were treated by orcbiectomy followed by radiation alone. Sixty-six patients (9196) survived for more than five years. Forty-nine of fifty-six (87 %) survived for more than tan years. The five-year survival for 54 patients with Stage I disease was 100 % ; it was 92 % for 13 patients with Stage II disease. None of the six Stage III patients smviv All those who survived for five years were leading an active and normal life as of this writing. The Karoofsky's performance status was 90–100 for 50 patients who were followed is detail. Routine postoperative irradiation of the pare-aortic lymphatics was sufficient to produce a permanent cure without resorting to chemotherapy or prophylactic irradiation of mediastinum and supraclavicular regions. The optimal tissue does was 3000 rad. It may be increased to 3500–4000 rod by reducing the portal, but the total dose should be kept under 4000 rad. Pulmonary metastases were treated by bilateral whole hog irradiation of 1000–1500 rad followed by a coal boost dose of 2000–2500 rad. The treatment was well-tolerated by the patient. Large intra-abdominal metastases involving the internal organs should be treated by means other than radiation alone.     

切除家兔性腺对骨代谢的影响

本文选用家兔为实验模型，切除性腺后分成两组，即卵巢切除组１２只，睾丸切除组１２只，通过对钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶、尿羟脯氨酸及骨计量学、骨矿物质测定，分别观察术后４周、７周及１０周对骨质的影响。结果表明，卵巢切除后家兔骨质丢失明显增加，各指标与睾丸切除组比较有明显差异，说明卵巢功能障碍可导致骨质疏松，而睾丸功能障碍对骨质影响较小。