第四脑室囊虫病诊断及手术治疗

目的：探讨四室脑囊虫诊断及治疗方治。方法：回顾分析1992年5月--2002年12月收治的四室脑囊虫21例，术前所有患者行头颅CT扫描，其中15例MR检查，21例患者行血清及脑脊液囊虫ELISA检查。所有患者术前1d行脑室外引流，均经枕下正中入路行四室囊虫摘除术，其中1例行脑室腹腔分流术。结果：CT扫描示四脑室呈囊性扩张且伴脑积水，MRI矢状位T1加权像示四室完整的包囊。血清囊虫ELISA检查19例阳性，脑脊液21例阳性。所有患者术后高颅压症状均立即解除，随访27．4月未见复发。结论：MRI是诊断四室脑囊虫最准确的方法。血清囊虫-ELISA检查简便，但脑脊液检查比血清更敏感。术前脑室外引流很有必要，枕下正中入路四室囊虫摘除术是有效的治疗方法。     

NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS IN CHILDREN PRESENTING WITH AFEBRILE SEIZURE: CLINICAL PROFILE,IMAGING AND SERODIAGNOSIS

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the major causes of childhood seizures in developing countries including India and Latin America. In this study neurological pediatric cases presenting with afebrile seizures were screened for anti-Cysticercus antibodies (IgG) in their sera in order to estimate the possible burden of cysticercal etiology. The study included a total of 61 pediatric afebrile seizure subjects (aged one to 15 years old); there was a male predominance. All the sera were tested using a pre-evaluated commercially procured IgG-ELISA kit (UB-Magiwell Cysticercosis Kit ^™). Anti-Cysticercus antibody in serum was positive in 23 of 61 (37.7%) cases. The majority of cases with a positive ELISA test presented with generalized seizure (52.17%), followed by complex partial seizure (26.08%), and simple partial seizure (21.73%). Headaches were the major complaint (73.91%). Other presentations were vomiting (47.82%), pallor (34.78%), altered sensorium (26.08%), and muscle weakness (13.04%). There was one hemiparesis case diagnosed to be NCC. In this study one child without any significant findings on imaging was also found to be positive by serology. There was a statistically significant association found between the cases with multiple lesions on the brain and the ELISA-positivity (p = 0.017). Overall positivity of the ELISA showed a potential cysticercal etiology. Hence, neurocysticercosis should be suspected in every child presenting with afebrile seizure especially with a radio-imaging supportive diagnosis in tropical developing countries or areas endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis.     

脑囊虫病人血清中循环抗原特性的分析

本研究用免疫印渍法，以三种抗血清为探针，对脑囊虫病人血清中的循环抗原、囊虫头节和体壁抗原及囊液抗原进行了比较观察。结果表明循环抗原与两种囊虫抗原相同的组分有４个ＫＤ数为７５、４３、４０、２３的多肽；仅与虫头及囊壁相同的抗原为６５ＫＤ多肽；仅与囊液相同的多肽为８５、１９ＫＤ二组分。这显示循环抗原主要来源于虫囊的全部结构；循环抗原可诱发三种特异性免疫球蛋白的产生，依次为ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ及ＩｇＭ。可诱发ＩｇＧ的循环抗原多肽是８５、５３、４３、４０、３１、１９、１８．５及１７．５ＫＤ多肽；可诱发ＩｇＡ抗体的抗原多肽ＫＤ数为６５、４９、４３、４０及３５的组分；而ＩｇＭ特异性抗体产生于ＫＤ数为７５、４３、４０及３１的多肽。三种抗体血清用于检测血清中的循环抗原都显示出良好的应用价值。免疫兔血清的敏感性与特异性均不亚于单克隆抗体的识别结果。４３及４０ＫＤ多肽是循环抗原中的主要组分，是诊断的重要指标。     

Bilateral central acetabular fracture dislocation in a young patient due to seizure activity: a case report and review of the literature

Various musculoskeletal injuries are well known complications of epilepsy either because of direct trauma or because of unbalanced forceful muscle contraction. We report a case of non-traumatic bilateral central acetabular fracture dislocation due to seizure activity induced by neurocysticercosis of the brain, which was managed conservatively and obtained reasonable good outcome. This case highlights the importance of proper evaluation in young non-osteoporotic patients who have experienced an epileptic attack without any previous history. It is also imperative to mention that these patients should be thoroughly examined neurologically to find out the exact etiology and should be treated accordingly to prevent future seizure activity.     

脑囊尾蚴病神经影像学表现与循环抗原相关性研究

目的探讨脑囊虫病血清循环抗原（CAg）与神经影像学（CT、MRI）的关系。方法根据诊断脑囊虫病的四个标准,对确诊的36例脑囊虫病病人行CAg定量测定及神经影像学检查并分期。结果根据神经影像学检查,36例脑囊虫病人在活虫期、变性死亡早期、变性死亡后期及钙化期之间的CAg水平有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。相关性分析表明血清中CAg的含量与脑囊虫病的神经影像学表现具有正相关性,其相关系数为0.871。结论（1）脑囊虫病人循环抗原与神经影像学（CT、MRI）表现具有相关性;（2）血清循环抗原的检查可用于对脑囊虫病的早期诊断和指导临床治疗。     

脑猪囊尾蚴病临床及病理学特点

目的 探讨脑猪囊尾蚴病的临床及病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析13例脑猪囊尾蚴病患者的临床资料,并结合文献对其影像学、病理学进行分析.结果 本组13例患者中,11例以癫痫发作为主要症状;6例病理学检查均发现囊尾蚴虫体;9例病灶周围脑组织可见炎症反应;在病灶及其周围的脑组织中可见散在的石灰小体.头部CT检查表现为片状或点状低密度影,病灶区MRI表现为囊性异常信号.结论 脑猪囊尾蚴病首发症状以癫痫发作多见;影像学检查对脑猪囊尾蚴病诊断有帮助,但最后确诊需病理学检查;病理学检查除找到囊尾蚴虫体外,脑组织中发现散在的石灰小体是诊断陈旧性病变的重要依据.     

应用神经内镜手术治疗脑囊虫

目的：探讨应用神经内镜治疗脑囊虫的方法和意义。方法：应用神经内镜探查、冲洗、摘除脑囊虫。结果：10例脑室内囊虫,2例脑实质囊虫（形成囊性占位效应）摘除,2例行脑室－腹腔分流。14例均疗效满意。无明显并发症。结论：用神经内镜治疗服囊虫具有安全、高效、并发症少的优势。     

Feasibility of baculovirus-expressed recombinant 10-kDa antigen in the serodiagnosis of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis

Bacterially expressed recombinant 10-kDa protein of Taenia solium metacestode (TsM) was previously found to be reliable in the diagnosis of active stage neurocysticercosis (NCC) by immunoblotting but not by ELISA. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic feasibility of detecting eukaryote-expressed recombinant 10-kDa protein of TsM by ELISA (rTsM10-ELISA) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from NCC patients. In 45 cases of active NCC, 91.1 and 97.8% cases showed positive reactions for serum and CSF by rTsM10-ELISA. ELISA employing the crude cyst fluid antigen (CF-ELISA) also revealed a similar result. Negligible cross-reactions were observed in serum samples from control subjects and from subjects with other helminthic diseases by rTsM10-ELISA (5/139 cases, 3.6%). By contrast, CF-ELISA demonstrated a high degree of cross-reactivity (24/139, 17.3%) especially from those patients with alveolar and cystic echinococcoses. The overall sensitivity and specificity of rTsM10-ELISA were 94.3 and 96.4%; and those of CF-ELISA were 95.7 and 84.5%, for serum and CSF, respectively. Antibody responses to rTsM10 were detected as early as 3 months after experimental infection of T. solium eggs in pigs. Our results show that ELISA with rTsM10 could be highly applicable in the serodiagnosis of NCC from early stage of infection.     

Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Atahualpa: a door-to-door survey in rural coastal Ecuador

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of epilepsy and the role of neurocysticercosis in the occurrence of epilepsy in Atahualpa. METHODS: We used a door-to-door survey to detect subjects with epileptic seizures, to collect a blood sample for determination of anticysticercal antibodies, and to evaluate social characteristics of the population, including household pig ownership. Neurologists examined suspected cases and a sample of negative individuals. Then patients with epilepsy, as well as age- and sex-matched controls, underwent a head computed tomography (CT) and a scalp EEG. RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by 2,415 of 2,548 residents of Atahualpa, and cysticercosis serology was performed in 1,687 consenting individuals. Cysticercosis seroprevalence was 145 (8.6%) per 1,686). Neurologic examination confirmed 24 patients with epilepsy (crude prevalence, 9.9 per 1,000 population, and 10.8 per 1,000 when adjusted to the United States population). After adjustment by age, sex, and pig raising, positive serology was strongly associated with epilepsy (odds ratio (OR), 4.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-11.2). CT findings compatible with neurocysticercosis were found in five patients with epilepsy and also were more frequent than in controls, although this did not reach statistical significance (five of 19 vs. one of 19; p = 0.125, McNemar's test). Besides these five cases, three other patients with epilepsy had positive serology (one with a normal CT and two who did not have a CT). CONCLUSIONS: Neurocysticercosis is associated with one-third of cases of epilepsy in Atahualpa and may be a major contributory factor for the excess fraction of epilepsy seen in this population.