Oxyhemoglobin changes in the prefrontal cortex in response to cognitive tasks: a systematic review

Purpose of the study: the aim of this study was to synthesize PFC fNIRS outcomes on the effects of cognitive tasks compared to resting/baseline tasks in healthy adults from studies utilizing a pre/post design.

Material and methods: original research studies were searched from seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PEDro and PubMed). Subsequently, two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts followed by full-text reviews to assess the studies' eligibility.

Results: eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and had data abstracted and quality assessed. Methodology varied considerably and yet cognitive tasks resulted in the ΔO₂Hb increasing in 8 of the 11 and ΔHHb decreasing in 8 of 8 studies that reported this outcome. The cognitive tasks from 10 of the 11 studies were classified as “Working Memory” and “Verbal Fluency Tasks”.

Conclusions: although, the data comparison was challenging provided the heterogeneity in methodology, the results across studies were similar.     

Mid-infrared spectroscopy on skin using a silver halide fibre probe in vivo

Background/aim: Mid-infrared spectroscopy is a versatile method for in vivo investigation of skin after topical treatment with skin care products.
Methods: FTIR-spectrometer (Bruker Optics) with a flexible silver halide fibre probe (Infrared Fiber Sensors).
Results: Absorbance spectra from 700 to 3000 cm⁻¹ have been recorded to gain information about proteins (amide-I and amide-II vibrations at 1650 and 1550 cm⁻¹), esters (1740 cm⁻¹), carboxylic acid (1710 cm⁻¹), polyalcohols (1050 cm⁻¹) and hydrocarbons (CH _n vibrations at 2800–3000 cm⁻¹).
Conclusions: Using the particular light guide, we were able to measure for the first time the effects of lip care products on lips directly. Furthermore, water binding and glycerol content of the skin could be determined simultaneously, as well as the replenishment of lipids by lipid-enriched bath oil.     

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease: morphological and microanalytical features

The light microscopic and polarization appearances of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposits in tissues are reviewed. In routine sections haematoxylinophilic crystalline deposits with a feathery or brush-like pattern are typical of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. Short rhomboidal crystals showing positive birefringence are seen on polarization; X-ray microanalytical and infrared spectroscopic data support the specificity of these appearances. The appearances of the crystal deposits in decalcified specimens are also described. We include six cases of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition within periarticular bone; to the best of our knowledge this has not previously been described.     

LEEP刀治疗与护理相结合治疗宫颈疾病的作用

目的探讨LEEP刀治疗与护理相结合在治疗宫颈疾病中的作用。方法选择应用LEEP刀治疗与红外光治疗两组患者各60例。比较其疗效和护理作用。结果LEEP刀治疗比红外光治疗宫颈疾病效果要好。结论LEEP刀治疗与护理相结合对宫颈疾病的治疗值得推广应用。     

肿瘤微环境对树突细胞功能状态的影响

目的：探讨肿瘤细胞分泌的可溶性细胞因子营造的微环境对树突细胞(DCs，dendritic cells)的分化发育的影响，以进一步揭示肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制。方法：用免疫磁珠从人外周血分离CD14^ 单核细胞，加入粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)和人白血病细胞Jurkat培养上清液体外培养DCs，以正常培养诱导的DCs作为对照，采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术分析人白血病细胞培养上清液对DCs分化发育的影响。结果：正常培养DCs与肿瘤上清液培养的DCs相比，在细胞内蛋白质和核酸的相对含量和细胞内消耗葡萄糖重新合成磷脂的量方面差异无显著性，但是，在细胞的转录状态方面差异有显著性。结论：肿瘤细胞上清液培养液所营造的微环境细胞转录水平上对DCs的功能状态有明显的抑制作用。     

Pulsed CO2 laser tissue ablation: effect of tissue type and pulse duration on thermal damage

Tissue removal by infrared lasers is accompanied by thermal damage to nonablated tissue. The extent of thermal damage can be controlled by a choice of laser wavelength, irradiance, and exposure duration. The effect of exposure duration has been studied in vivo by using CO2 lasers with pulse widths that vary from 2 microseconds to 50 msec. Pulse widths of 50 msec, typical of a shuttered, continuous-wave CO2 laser, produce damage regions 750 micron wide in normal guinea pig skin; the use of a 2-microseconds-long pulse reduced this damage zone to as little as 50 micron. Using 2-microseconds-long pulses, in vitro studies showed that the minimum zone of thermal damage varied significantly with tissue type. The thermal denaturation of these tissues has been studied and correlated with damage. The effect of denaturation temperature and pulse duration on the width of the damage zone is explained by a simple model.     

不同状态胆囊组织的傅立叶变换红外光谱研究

目的 探索不同生理病理状态的胆囊组织各自特异的傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，FT-IR)表现。方法 应用FT-IR对8例正常胆囊组织、10例炎性胆囊组织和10例胆囊癌组织进行检测，结合常规病理结果总结不同组织的光谱特征。结果 胆囊正常、炎性和癌组织具有不同的FT-IR光谱表现，1550cm^-1处的酰胺Ⅱ带在癌组织中显得较弱，峰形低平，而在正常组织中则较强，峰形高尖。1080cm^-1处核酸的吸收谱带在癌组织中较强，I1080／I1550的比值在正常组织中为0．62，癌组织中为0．87。正常组织中1450cm^-1处的峰多强于1400cm^-1处，而在癌组织中则相反。结论 胆囊正常、炎性和癌组织的FT-UR谱图不同，主要表现为组织中蛋白质、核酸和磷脂等含量与结构的改变，FT-IR有望成为胆道疾病临床诊断的一种新手段。     

大鼠中枢和外周神经损伤后胞体分布区神经组织的红外光谱分析

目的：观察外周和中枢神经损伤后胞体分布区神经组织总蛋白和核酸的变化规律。方法：应用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)检测方法，分析大鼠脊髓和坐骨神经损伤后相应的神经元胞体分布区神经组织中归属为核酸和蛋白质的谱带吸收强度的变化。结果：伤后早期，外周和中枢神经损伤后其相应胞体部位神经组织RNA，DNA和蛋白质的含量均增加；1周后，外周和中枢神经元胞体分布区RNA，DNA和蛋白质含量均变化规律不同：外周神经元胞体RNA和DNA的含量仍较高，而中枢神经伤侧和对照侧胞体RNA和DNA的含量接近，中枢和外周神经元胞体蛋白含量变化相反。结论：外周和中枢神经损伤后再生过程中其胞体反应性不同，这一差异可能与外周和中枢神经损伤后再生差异有关。     

Limitations of a thermal camera in measuring surface temperature of laser-irradiated tissues

Thermal cameras are used in research laboratories to measure tissue temperature during laser irradiation. This study was an evaluation of the accuracy of a 3-5 microns thermal camera and two 8-12 microns cameras in detecting the maximum temperatures of small targets. The size of the targets was within the range of laser spot diameters which are used for vessel welding, angioplasty, and dermatology. The response to a sharp thermal edge was measured and analyzed for the three cameras, which had a scanning rate of 30 frames per second. The response of the 3-5 microns camera to reference black body targets of different sizes was also studied. It was found that the detector system required an average of 2.44 microseconds to reach 90% of maximum step response for the 8-12 microns system and 5.85 microseconds for the 3-5 microns system. With a 3 x telescope and a 9.5 inch focal distance close-up lens, the 3-5 microns camera underestimated the temperature of targets smaller than 2.0 mm because of its slow detector response. Although the 8-12 microns camera provides more accurate measurements due to its faster detector response, it still underestimates the temperature of targets smaller than 900 microns, when similar magnification and focal distance are used. Methods to compensate for the inaccuracies are discussed, including empirical correction factors and the inverse filtering technique.