Angioedema due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use: Radiographic findings in 3 patients

Angioedema of the oropharynx and hypopharynx due to oral angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is a potentially life-threatening event and has not been well described in the radiology literature. A retrospective review of the clinical and radiologic findings in three patients with angioedema due to ACE inhibitor use was performed.Our subgroup of patients treated with ACE inhibitors presented with varying degrees of dysphagia, dyspnea, and facial swelling. Plain radiographic findings included enlargement of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and prevertebral and submental soft tissue. Computed tomography confirmed extensive retropharyngeal and subcutaneous edema. Clinical symptoms resolved in each case in 24–48 hours with cessation of the ACE inhibitor and concomitant steriod therapy.Our cases demonstrate the typical clinical and radiographic presentation of neck angioedema in the setting of ACE inhibitor use. As ACE inhibitors are increasingly being used as first-line agents in the treatment of hypertension, we caution that neck angioedema may be encountered with increased frequency in adults. Early recognition and immediate intervention result in rapid resolution of this potentially life-threatening event.     

赖诺普利与氯沙坦预防压力负荷性心肌肥厚的实验研究

目的 探讨大鼠心肌肥厚时心血管重构的结构、生化改变及赖诺普利与氯沙坦对心血管重构的预防作用。方法 膈下腹主动脉缩窄法建立大鼠心肌肥厚模型。假手术组、模型组、降压和非降压剂量赖诺普利与氯沙坦在术后第2天用药至30天后，检测平均动脉压(MAP)、心肌肥厚程度及局部心肌组织一氧化氮(N0)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和胶原蛋白含量。结果 (1)与假手术组相比，模型组MAP、左室重量(LVW)、左室重量指数(LVMI)、心肌细胞横径(TDM)、胶原蛋白分别提高28．6％、20．5％、26．9％、17．9％、54．4％(P＜0．01)；NO、NOS分别降低53．4％、51．2％(P＜0．01)。(2)降压剂量赖诺普利与氯沙坦和非降压剂量氯沙坦干预后，LVW、LVMI、TDM、NO、NOS、胶原蛋白含量与假手术组无明显差异。非降压剂量赖诺普利可使LVW、LVMI和TDM下降，但仍高于假手术组(P＜0．01)，NO、NOS改善不明显；(3)LVMI与MAP、胶原蛋白含量均呈正相关(分别为γ=0．7841，γ=0．8177，P＜0．01)，与NO显负相关(γ=-0．7730，P＜0．01)。结论 心血管重构与血压、心脏间质成分及NO有密切关系；赖诺普利预防心肌肥厚可能是血流动力学和非血流动力学因素共同作用的结果；氯沙坦可能主要依靠非血流动力学因素抗心肌肥厚。     

RENAL TUBULAR PEPTIDE CATABOLISM IN CHRONIC VASCULAR REJECTION

Chronic vascular rejection (CR) is the commonest cause of renal transplant loss, with few clues to etiology, but proteinuria is a common feature. In diseased native kidneys, proteinuria and progression to failure are linked. We proposed a pathogenic role for this excess protein at a tubular level in kidney diseases of dissimilar origin. We demonstrated in both nephrotic patients with normal function and in those with failing kidneys increased renal tubular catabolisman and turnover rates of a peptide marker, Aprotinin (Apr), linked to increased ammonia excretion and tubular injury. These potentially injurious processes were suppressed by reducing proteinuria with Lisinopril. Do similar mechanisms of renal injury and such a linkage also occur in proteinuric transplanted patients with CR, and if so, is Lisinopril then of beneficial value? We now examine these aspects in 11 patients with moderate/severe renal impairment (⁵¹CrEDTA clearance 26.2 ± 3.3 mL/min/1.73m²), proteinuria (6.1 ± 1.5 g/24 h) and biopsy proven CR. Lisinopril (10–40 mg) was given daily for 2 months in 7 patients. Four others were given oral sodium bicarbonate (Na HCO₃) for 2 months before adding Lisinopril. Renal tubular catabolism of intravenous ^99mTc-Apr (Apr^* 0.5 mg, 80 MBq), was measured before and after Lisinopril by γ-ray renal imaging and urinary radioactivity of the free radiolabel over 26 h. Fractional degradation was calculated from these data. Total 24 h urinary N-acetyl-β-glucoaminidase (NAG) and ammonia excretion in fresh timed urine collections were also measured every two weeks from two months before treatment. After Lisinopril proteinuria fell significantly (from 7.8 ± 2.2 to 3.4 ± 1.9 g/24 h, p < 0.05). This was associated with a reduction in metabolism of Apr^* over 26 h (from 0.5 ± 0.05 to 0.3 ± 0.005% dose/h, p < 0.02), and in fractional degradation (from 0.04 ± 0.009 to 0.02 ± 0.005/h, p <0.01). Urinary ammonia fell, but surprisingly not significantly and this was explained by the increased clinical acidosis after Lisinopril, (plasma bicarbonate fell from 19.1 ± 0.7 to 17.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L, p <0.01), an original observation. Total urinary NAG did fall significantly from a median of 2108 (range 1044–3816) to 1008 (76–2147) μmol/L, p < 0.05. There was no significant change in blood pressure or in measurements of glomerular hemodynamics. In the 4 patients who were given Na HCO₃ before adding Lisinopril, both acidosis (and hyperkalemia) were reversed and neither recurred after adding Lisinopril. These observations in proteinuric transplanted patients after Lisinopril treatment have not been previously described.     

赖诺普利逆转高血压患者左室肥厚的相关性研究

目的探讨赖诺普利对高血压患者左室肥厚的逆转作用。方法分别口服赖诺普利与卡托普利治疗高血压伴左室肥厚患者8周,应用超声心动图监测治疗前、后左室重量指数（LVMI）,同时采用放射免疫法和（或）化学发光法检测血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（AT-Ⅱ）醛固酮（ALD）,血清胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）的浓度。结果①高血压组患者血浆AT-Ⅱ、ALD,血清IGF-1浓度明显高于正常对照组（P值分别为0.023,0.018,0.032）,LVH组高于无LVH组（P值为0.0083）。②治疗后与治疗前比较,两组患者AT-Ⅱ、ALD、IGF-1和LVMI水平均显著降低（P值分别为0.036,0.028,0.031）,但赖诺普利组降低幅度明显高于卡托普利组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论赖诺普利与卡托普利均有降压及逆转左室肥厚的作用,但赖诺普利逆转LVH的强度更强,且不良反应少,依从性强,值得临床推广使用。     

Development and validation of a sensitive HPLC method for the determination of lisinopril in human plasma after derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole

In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of lisinopril in human plasma. The sample clean-up was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a cation-exchange (Strata-SCX^®) extraction cartridge. After a pre-column derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, the reaction mixture was analyzed on an Agilent Zorbax SB^®-C₁₈ (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. Fluorescence detection was performed at an excitation wavelength of 470 nm and an emission wavelength of 530 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and 0.02 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH = 3.0, 60:40, v/v). The average extraction recovery of lisinopril and fluvoxamine (internal standard) was >85%. The method exhibited a linear calibration curve over the concentration range of 1–1000 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r²) of ≥0.98 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) equal to 2 ng/mL. The within-run and between-run precisions were satisfactory with an RSD of 3.8%–13.7% (accuracy: from 95.0% to 96.4%) and 4.273%–14.3% (accuracy: from 94.4% to 98.5%), respectively.     

赖诺普利对糖尿病大鼠周围神经微循环的影响

目的 观察赖诺普利对糖尿病大鼠周围神经微循环的改善及对神经组织功能和结构的影响.方法 将25只约6周龄健康雄性Wistar大鼠以链脲佐菌素（STZ）尾静脉注射制备糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后按随机数字表法分为糖尿病组（n=8）和赖诺普利治疗组（n=8,20 mg· kg-1 ·d-1,8周）,8只健康大鼠作为正常对照.8周后,观察各组大鼠坐骨神经传导速度及超微结构的改变.采用化学比色法测定血浆一氧化氮（NO）,神经组织氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,放射免疫法测定血浆前列环素（6-keto-PGF1 α）含量,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（PAI-1）、组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）水平,CD34免疫组化法测定坐骨神经内膜毛细血管密度.采用单因素方差分析进行多组间均数比较.结果 与正常对照组相比,糖尿病大鼠出现坐骨神经运动和感觉神经传导速度减慢（t=8.952、9.642,均P＜0.05）和超微结构异常,伴有血浆NO、6-keto-PGFlα、t-PA、SOD水平降低,PAI-1及MDA水平升高（t=3.535～8.054,均P＜0.05）.赖诺普利治疗组坐骨神经运动和感觉神经传导速度均较糖尿病组显著提高（t=6.774、7.058,均P＜0.05）,电镜显示赖诺普利治疗组坐骨神经轴突和髓鞘萎缩、变性及毛细血管狭窄、闭塞等病理损伤明显减轻.与糖尿病组相比,赖诺普利治疗组血浆NO、6-keto-PGF1 α、t-PA、SOD显著升高而PAI-1、MDA明显降低（t=2.611 ～6.544,均P＜0.05）,促进神经内膜血管新生（t=6.868,P＜0.05）.结论 赖诺普利可能通过改善微循环异常,增加周围神经血流灌注量,对早期糖尿病周围神经病变起保护作用.     

Membranous nephropathy associated with thyroid-peroxidase antigen

A 6-year-old previously healthy Japanese girl was found to have dipstick 2+ proteinuria and a goiter based on the results of a routine school medical examination. Her serum free-thyroxine level was 4.98 ng/dL (normal range 0.95–1.74 ng/dL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was less than 0.003 μU/mL (0.34–3.88 μU/mL), anti-microsomal (anti-thyroid-peroxidase) antibody was 1600 T (up to 100), anti-thyroglobulin antibody was 400 T (up to 100), and TSH-receptor antibody was 84% (up to ±10%). These results are consistent with a diagnosis of Graves’ disease. Electron microscopy examination of a renal biopsy specimen revealed electron-dense deposits located in the subepithelial spaces, and immunofluorescence microscopy examination demonstrated bright granular stainings of immunoglobulin G along the glomerular capillary walls. These findings are characteristic of membranous nephropathy. To investigate the relationship between the membranous nephropathy and Graves’ disease, we carried out a second immunofluorescence study, which revealed that the immunoglobulin G granular deposits corresponded to glomerular granular staining of thyroid-peroxidase, whereas staining for thyroglobulin was absent. It was therefore assumed that the deposition of immune complexes mediated by thyroid-peroxidase had caused the membranous nephropathy in this patient. This is the first report of membranous nephropathy associated with Graves’ disease in which deposits of thyroid-peroxidase, rather than thyroglobulin, have been confirmed in the kidney. This study was presented in the 14th congress of International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), Budapest, Hungary, 2007.     

硝苯地平控释片和赖诺普利联合治疗对高血压患者肾功能的影响

目的：探讨硝苯地平控释片、赖诺普利单独治疗和联合治疗对高血压病患者肾功能的影响。方法：72例高血压病患者随机分为3组：硝苯地平控释片组（30mg，qd，24例）；赖诺普利组（10mg，qd，24例）；硝苯地平控释片和赖诺普利联合治疗组（硝苯地平控释片30mg，qd，赖诺普利（10mg，qd，24例），疗程24周。治疗前、后观察肾功能指标变化。结果：①硝苯地平控释片、赖诺普利及联合治疗组高血压病患者治疗后均能显著降低血压（P〈0．01）及尿蛋白的排泄量。但联合治疗组降低尿蛋白排泄的幅度比硝苯地平控释片组、赖诺普利组明显高，而硝苯地平控释片组和赖诺普利组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②治疗后，肾小球滤过率在联合治疗及赖诺普利组明显增高，而硝苯地平控释片组无明显变化。3．三组治疗后尿蛋白下降幅度与血压下降幅度均无显著相关。结论：硝苯地平控释片、赖诺普利长期单独治疗均可减少蛋白尿。保护肾功能，两药联合治疗对减少蛋白尿、保护肾功能有一定相加作用。     

赖诺普利和卡托普利治疗高血压疗效观察

目的：观察赖诺普利和卡托普利治疗高血压的疗效。方法：将1级、2级高血压患者60例随机分为两组。赖诺普利组30例（每日10mg，早餐后口服），卡托普利对照组30例（75mg／d，分3次口服），连续治疗8周。结果：两组之间治疗高血压没有显著性差异，但控制24h血压赖诺普利较卡托普利更好，同时副作用发生率更低。结论：赖诺普利是治疗高血压有效安全的药物。     

Determination of enzyme (angiotensin convertase) inhibitors based on enzymatic reaction followed by HPLC

For determination of levels of plasmatic inhibitor of ACE (angiotensin convertase) a simple method was used based on a combination of enzymatic reaction followed by an HPLC determination of its product. The inhibitor (e.g. enalaprilat) was at first separated from the biological material by deproteination (methanol). Then, an aliquot of the sample was added to the reaction mixture containing a commercial ACE enzyme, its specific substrate FAPGG (N-(3-[2-furyl]acryloyl)-Phe-Gly-Gly) and buffer (Tris–HCl, pH 7.5). Degree of inhibition of the conversion of this substrate to FAP (desGlyGlyFAPGG) by the inhibitor present in the sample is related to its amount by a simple dose–response relationship. The amount of the FAP was determined by an HPLC on a RP-18 column with an acetonitril–nonylamine buffer (pH 2.4, adjusted with phosphoric acid) as a mobile phase with detection at 305 nm. Alternatively, the activity of the endogenous ACE present in the plasma was measured. The substrate FAPGG was added to the plasmatic sample containing both the inhibitor and endogenous ACE (as the sample was not deproteinized in this case) and the reaction product was determined as above. Inhibitor concentration has been obtained from a dose–response curve expressing the interaction with inhibitor with an ACE enzyme.