取消统编教材,开拓学术空间--关于取消中医院校统编教材之我见

中医院校的教材采用统编方式已不适合现代科技信息发展的需要，相反，取消中医统编教材，给院校和教师更多的主动权，有利于中医学新知识、新信息的传播，有利于教师参与教学研究，发挥独创精神，有利于学问的兼收并容和中医学术的发展，也有利于学生增强对专业的认识和信心，并有利于素质教育的开展。     

Injured worker helplessness: Critical relationships and systems level approach for intervention

An appropriate paradigm for explaining the evident problems of motivating the workers' compensation claimant toward occupational recovery may be found in the learned helplessness model. This article examines the critical relationships in the workers' compensation system and the potential for development of the injured worker helplessness within that system. The author offers the learned helplessness model as an alternative framework through which injured worker behavior can be explained and understood. It is suggested that the non-contingent rewards and the uncontrollable dynamics characteristic of workers' compensation systems lead to claimants' learning helplessness. Finally, a total quality managed disability prevention system is offered as the organization's best approach to reducing the likelihood of learned helplessness.     

Neurosis of acquired helplessness and role of hypoxia in the formation of this disorder in rats

Acquisition of instrumental defense response with pain reinforcement uncertainty (25% reinforcement) induced the development of acquired helplessness in 50% rats. Acquired helplessness is characterized by the absence of responses to conditioned (light) and unconditioned stimuli (pain), minor response of plasma corticosterone to learning, gas markers of circulatory cerebral hypoxia (DA/V pO₂ carotid artery/jugular vein), low sensitivity to severe hypobaric conditions, and high resistance of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Piracetam improved learning and prevented the development of acquired helplessness. Local changes in cerebral blood flow and energy deficit in neurons responsible for emotional stress during acquired helplessness impair adaptive capacity, but reduce energy consumption and protect neuronal structures.     

Effects of central amygdaloid nucleus lesions on ingestion, taste reactivity, exploration and taste aversion.

Central amygdaloid nucleus lesions in rats had no effect on recovery of preoperative body weight and food consumption levels. The brain damaged rats also recovered preoperative levels of water consumption as rapidly as control rats but then developed a mild but persistent hypodipsia. The experimental rats also drank less than control rats when food deprived and showed marginally reliable decreases in 0.1% quinine solution consumption and latency to consume a novel food. There was no detectable lesion effect on 0.1% saccharin solution consumption, exploration of a novel environment or formation of a learned taste aversion. It is suggested that the central amygdaloid nucleus has a role in mediating the relationship between food and water intake and in some taste mediated consummatory behavior.     

Benzodiazepine effects upon Geller-Seifter conflict test in rats: analysis of individual variability

The aim of the present study was to investigate in a large group of "drug sophisticated" animals the effect of several doses of oxazepam upon conflict behavior. To this end 43 rats, trained according to the original Geller-Seifter paradigm, were tested with 5 doses (6.25, 12.5, 20.9, 25, and 50 mg/kg IP) of oxazepam. In addition the influence of prior drug experience on the effects of benzodiazepines on punished and unpunished responding was investigated comparing data from the same animals relative to a single oxazepam treatment before and after "drug sophistication." It was found that: (1) after "drug sophistication" oxazepam effect upon the unpunished schedule is decreased, while the disinhibitory action upon punished behavior is increased, unchanged or even decreased; (2) sedative and anticonflict activities of the drug cannot be explained in terms of rate dependency and are independently assessable since, even when unpunished responding is lowered by high doses, the anxiolytic effect is masked in only 27% of the cases; (3) about 20% of the animals appear to be insensitive to the anticonflict effect of oxazepam; (4) the responsiveness to the anxiolytic effect of the drug is related to the shock intensities given during training and to the animal variability under control conditions.     

Fear,Helplessness, and Horror in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Investigating DSM-IV Criterion A2 in Victims of Violent Crime

A DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) required for the first time that individuals must report experiencing intense fear, helplessness, or horror at the time of the trauma. In a longitudinal study of 138 victims of violent crime, we investigated whether reports of intense trauma-related emotions characterized individuals who, after 6 months, met criteria for PTSD according to the DSM-III-R. We found that intense levels of all 3 emotions strongly predicted later PTSD. However, a small number of those who later met DSM-III-R or ICD criteria for PTSD did not report intense emotions at the time of the trauma. They did, however, report high levels of either anger with others or shame.     

Multiple representations of information in the primary auditory cortex of cats. II. Stability and change in early (<32 ms), rapid components of activity after conditioning with a click conditioned stimulus

Activity was recorded from single units of the A(I) cortex of awake animals to identify early (<32 ms) components of the population response to a 70 dB click and establish if they changed after using the click as a CS for conditioning. A 70 dB hiss was used as a discriminative stimulus. Responses to these stimuli were compared before and after a forward order of pairing that produced conditioning and a backward order of pairing that produced weak sensitization (backward conditioning). Averages of discharges in 2 and 4 ms bins distinguished primary (8-12 ms) from secondary (12-16 ms) temporal components of response to the click, and confirmed that the onset of the response was shorter in A(I) (8 ms, mean of 647 units) than in the adjacent, A(II) cortex (16 ms, mean of 95 units). (All times include a 1.6 ms transmission delay in sound arrival.) Primary and secondary components of A(I) responses to click did not change uniformly after changes in behavioral state, and were affected differently by both conditioning and backward conditioning. The percentage of cells with onsets of response to the click at secondary latencies (and to the hiss at tertiary latencies) increased after backward conditioning but not after conditioning, as did the magnitude of activity in response to the click. (The latter had a lesser degree of increase after conditioning.) The primary response to the click did not show these increases. The non-uniform changes suggested that temporal processing of the click was conducted differently in the 8-12 ms post stimulus period than in the 12-16 ms period. Within the total population of cells, it was possible to identify a small subgroup (13%) of highly auditory-responsive units that showed an increased primary response to the click as a CS selectively after conditioning and not after backward conditioning. The secondary component of response in these cells increased after both conditioning and backward conditioning. The percentages of cells responding to the click and hiss at primary latencies did not change significantly after conditioning, even in the subgroup of highly responsive cells. The results characterize differently timed components of rapid responses to acoustic stimuli in the A(I) cortex, disclose significant temporal differences in primary, secondary and tertiary information processing that affect the representations of the transmitted acoustic message across different behavioral states, and find one representation in a small subgroup of cells that supports the hypothesis that cells of the A(I) cortex have a selectively potentiated response to the CS after conditioning.     

BEHAVIORAL EXCESSES IN DEPRESSION: A LEARNING THEORY HYPOTHESIS

This paper reviews two learning theory‐based models of experiential contributions to depression: response contingent positive reinforcement and learned helplessness. The authors argue that these models connect to a phenomenon that may explain why symptoms of behavioral excess (e.g. rumination) often occur in depression that is otherwise marked by symptoms of behavioral deficit (e.g. anhedonia). Specifically, the authors illustrate that that concept of schedule strain (or low rates of response contingent reinforcement giving rise to low frequencies of behavior) unites these models. Depression is more likely, or more severe, when schedule strain conditions occur in situations containing reinforcers important to the individual and/or when they simultaneously occur in a number of situations. Conditions of schedule strain are known to give rise to adjunctive behaviors: apparently irrelevant, easy behaviors that deliver immediate reinforcement. This paper suggests that, for some depressed individuals, behavioral excess symptoms like rumination and overeating might serve adjunctive functions. Implications of this hypothesis are discussed.     

Patterns of hand preference and unintentional injuries among Indian attempted hand switchers and hand non-switchers

This study examines the patterns of hand preference and unintentional injuries of attempted hand switchers and hand non-switchers. Data were collected from 3698 participants in Kharagpur, India, on measures of hand preference, hand switching, and unintentional injuries. The direction of left- or right-handedness was on the basis of hand used for the item “writing on paper” and the degree of handedness was based on the average score of remaining items in the handedness inventory. Results reveal that, among attempted hand-switchers, learned right-handers were not right-sided in hand continuum as the natural right-handers, but left-handers were left-sided as natural left-handers. With increasing age the learned right-handers become less right-sided and natural right-handers become more right-sided. Females (males) are found to be more right-handed than males (females) among learned right-handers (natural right-handers). On the direction of handedness, the learned right-handers have more than twice the risk of unintentional injuries than the natural right- and left-handers. On degree of handedness, the use of inconsistent left and both hands among natural left-handers, the use of inconsistent right and both hands among natural right-handers, and the use of weak right hand among learned right-handers increase their vulnerability to unintentional injuries. Any deviation from the genetic make-up in hand use elevates the risk of unintentional injuries, suggesting that one should not change the biological hand.     

Creatine transporter expression after antidepressant therapy in rats bred for learned helplessness

In cells and tissues with a high demand of energy such as neurons the major pool of energy is supplied by phosphocreatine. The necessary supply with creatine is directly related to the expression level of the creatine transporter (CRT). To study possible interactions between this transporter and depressive like behavior we have used a congenitally learned helplessness (cLH) model. Because uptake via CRT is the only means to supply neurons with creatine, we hypothesized a rise in CRT expression following antidepressive treatment strategies. The hippocampus of the cLH animals exhibited a significantly lower CRT expression as compared to wild type (WT) animals. Treatment with escitalopram and ECS induced an elevation of CRT levels in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In WT animals there was no treatment effect. In summary, our data presented here suggest an association between depressive behavior and cellular energy metabolism in defined brain areas.